Rollup merge of rust-lang#78122 - fusion-engineering-forks:fmt-write-bounds-check, r=dtolnay

Avoid panic_bounds_check in fmt::write.

Writing any fmt::Arguments would trigger the inclusion of usize formatting and padding code in the resulting binary, because indexing used in fmt::write would generate code using panic_bounds_check, which prints the index and length.

These bounds checks are not necessary, as fmt::Arguments never contains any out-of-bounds indexes.

This change replaces them with unsafe get_unchecked, to reduce the amount of generated code, which is especially important for embedded targets.

---

Demonstration of the size of and the symbols in a 'hello world' no_std binary:

<details>
<summary>Source code</summary>

```rust
#![feature(lang_items)]
#![feature(start)]
#![no_std]

use core::fmt;
use core::fmt::Write;

#[link(name = "c")]
extern "C" {
    #[allow(improper_ctypes)]
    fn write(fd: i32, s: &str) -> isize;
    fn exit(code: i32) -> !;
}

struct Stdout;

impl fmt::Write for Stdout {
    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
        unsafe { write(1, s) };
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[start]
fn main(_argc: isize, _argv: *const *const u8) -> isize {
    let _ = writeln!(Stdout, "Hello World");
    0
}

#[lang = "eh_personality"]
fn eh_personality() {}

#[panic_handler]
fn panic(_: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
    unsafe { exit(1) };
}
```
</details>

Before:
```
   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
   6059	    736	      8	   6803	   1a93	before
```
```
0000000000001e00 T <T as core::any::Any>::type_id
0000000000003dd0 D core::fmt::num::DEC_DIGITS_LUT
0000000000001ce0 T core::fmt::num::imp::<impl core::fmt::Display for u64>::fmt
0000000000001ce0 T core::fmt::num::imp::<impl core::fmt::Display for usize>::fmt
0000000000001370 T core::fmt::write
0000000000001b30 t core::fmt::Formatter::pad_integral::write_prefix
0000000000001660 T core::fmt::Formatter::pad_integral
0000000000001350 T core::ops::function::FnOnce::call_once
0000000000001b80 t core::ptr::drop_in_place
0000000000001120 t core::ptr::drop_in_place
0000000000001c50 t core::iter::adapters::zip::Zip<A,B>::new
0000000000001c90 t core::iter::adapters::zip::Zip<A,B>::new
0000000000001b90 T core::panicking::panic_bounds_check
0000000000001c10 T core::panicking::panic_fmt
0000000000001130 t <&mut W as core::fmt::Write>::write_char
0000000000001200 t <&mut W as core::fmt::Write>::write_fmt
0000000000001250 t <&mut W as core::fmt::Write>::write_str
```

After:
```
   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
   3068	    600	      8	   3676	    e5c	after
```
```
0000000000001360 T core::fmt::write
0000000000001340 T core::ops::function::FnOnce::call_once
0000000000001120 t core::ptr::drop_in_place
0000000000001620 t core::iter::adapters::zip::Zip<A,B>::new
0000000000001660 t core::iter::adapters::zip::Zip<A,B>::new
0000000000001130 t <&mut W as core::fmt::Write>::write_char
0000000000001200 t <&mut W as core::fmt::Write>::write_fmt
0000000000001250 t <&mut W as core::fmt::Write>::write_str
```

Author: Dylan-DPC

library/core/src/fmt/mod.rs

@@ -1082,7 +1082,9 @@ pub fn write(output: &mut dyn Write, args: Arguments<'_>) -> Result {
             // a string piece.
             for (arg, piece) in fmt.iter().zip(args.pieces.iter()) {
                 formatter.buf.write_str(*piece)?;
-                run(&mut formatter, arg, &args.args)?;
+                // SAFETY: arg and args.args come from the same Arguments,
+                // which guarantees the indexes are always within bounds.
+                unsafe { run(&mut formatter, arg, &args.args) }?;
                 idx += 1;
             }
         }
@@ -1096,25 +1098,37 @@ pub fn write(output: &mut dyn Write, args: Arguments<'_>) -> Result {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run(fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>, arg: &rt::v1::Argument, args: &[ArgumentV1<'_>]) -> Result {
+unsafe fn run(fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>, arg: &rt::v1::Argument, args: &[ArgumentV1<'_>]) -> Result {
     fmt.fill = arg.format.fill;
     fmt.align = arg.format.align;
     fmt.flags = arg.format.flags;
-    fmt.width = getcount(args, &arg.format.width);
-    fmt.precision = getcount(args, &arg.format.precision);
+    // SAFETY: arg and args come from the same Arguments,
+    // which guarantees the indexes are always within bounds.
+    unsafe {
+        fmt.width = getcount(args, &arg.format.width);
+        fmt.precision = getcount(args, &arg.format.precision);
+    }
 
     // Extract the correct argument
-    let value = args[arg.position];
+    debug_assert!(arg.position < args.len());
+    // SAFETY: arg and args come from the same Arguments,
+    // which guarantees its index is always within bounds.
+    let value = unsafe { args.get_unchecked(arg.position) };
 
     // Then actually do some printing
     (value.formatter)(value.value, fmt)
 }
 
-fn getcount(args: &[ArgumentV1<'_>], cnt: &rt::v1::Count) -> Option<usize> {
+unsafe fn getcount(args: &[ArgumentV1<'_>], cnt: &rt::v1::Count) -> Option<usize> {
     match *cnt {
         rt::v1::Count::Is(n) => Some(n),
         rt::v1::Count::Implied => None,
-        rt::v1::Count::Param(i) => args[i].as_usize(),
+        rt::v1::Count::Param(i) => {
+            debug_assert!(i < args.len());
+            // SAFETY: cnt and args come from the same Arguments,
+            // which guarantees this index is always within bounds.
+            unsafe { args.get_unchecked(i).as_usize() }
+        }
     }
 }
 

src/test/run-make-fulldeps/fmt-write-bloat/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+-include ../tools.mk
+
+NM=nm
+
+all: main.rs
+	$(RUSTC) $< -O
+	$(NM) $(call RUN_BINFILE,main) | $(CGREP) -v panicking panic_fmt panic_bounds_check pad_integral Display Debug

src/test/run-make-fulldeps/fmt-write-bloat/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#![feature(lang_items)]
+#![feature(start)]
+#![no_std]
+
+use core::fmt;
+use core::fmt::Write;
+
+#[link(name = "c")]
+extern "C" {}
+
+struct Dummy;
+
+impl fmt::Write for Dummy {
+    #[inline(never)]
+    fn write_str(&mut self, _: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[start]
+fn main(_: isize, _: *const *const u8) -> isize {
+    let _ = writeln!(Dummy, "Hello World");
+    0
+}
+
+#[lang = "eh_personality"]
+fn eh_personality() {}
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(_: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    loop {}
+}