Auto merge of #110634 - saethlin:pointy-decoder, r=cjgillot

Rewrite MemDecoder around pointers not a slice

This is basically rust-lang/rust#109910 but I'm being a lot more aggressive. The pointer-based structure means that it makes a lot more sense to absorb more complexity into `MemDecoder`, most of the diff is just complexity moving from one place to another.

The primary argument for this structure is that we only incur a single bounds check when doing multi-byte reads from a `MemDecoder`. With the slice-based implementation we need to do those with `data[position..position + len]` , which needs to account for `position + len` wrapping. It would be possible to dodge the first bounds check if we stored a slice that starts at `position`, but that would require updating the pointer and length on every read.

This PR also embeds the failure path in a separate function, which means that this PR should subsume all the perf wins observed in rust-lang/rust#109867.

Author: bors