Reflect spec changes in delegate immediate operand

This adds the changes decided in WebAssembly#176 and adds a modified version from
WebAssembly#146 (comment)
for clarification. (The example is not the same by the way; the `catch`
from the outermost `try` has been moved)

Closes WebAssembly#176.

Author: aheejin

proposals/exception-handling/Exceptions.md

@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ try label and delegates exception handling to a `catch`/`catch_all`/`delegate`
 specified by the `try` label. For example, consider this code:
 
 ```
-try $l1
+try $l0
   try
     call $foo
-  delegate $l1  ;; (= delegate 0)
+  delegate $l0 (= delegate 0)
 catch
   ...
 catch_all
@@ -288,28 +288,101 @@ end
 If `call $foo` throws, searching for a catching block first finds `delegate`,
 and because it delegates exception handling to catching instructions associated
 with `$l1`, it will be next checked by the outer `catch` and then `catch_all`
-instructions. When the specified label within a `delegate` instruction does not
-correspond to a `try` instruction, it is a validation failure.
+instructions.
 
-Note that the example below is a validation failure:
+`delegate` can also target catchless trys or non-try block constructs like
+`block`s or `loop`s, in which case the delegated exception is assumed to
+propagate to outer scope and will be caught by the next matching try-catches. In
+the examples, catches are annotated with '($label_name)' to clarify which `try`
+it belongs to.
 ```
-try $l1
-catch
-  try
-    call $foo
-  delegate $l1  ;; (= delegate 0)
-catch_all
-  ...
+try $l0
+  block $l1
+    try
+      call $foo
+    delegate $l1 ;; delegates to 'catch ($l0)'
+  end
+catch ($l0)
 end
 ```
-Here `delegate` is trying to delegate to `catch`, which exists before the
-`delegate`. The `delegate` instruction can only target `try` label whose
-catching instructions (`catch`/`catch_all`/`delegate`) come after the
-`delegate` instruction.
-
-`delegate` can also target `catch`-less `try`, in which case the effect is the
-same as if the `try` has catches but none of the catches are able to handle the
-exception.
+
+`delegate` can only target `catch`/`catch_all`s that is below the current
+instruction, i.e., it can only delegate downwards. It also targets all
+`catch`/`catch_all`s of a `try` as a whole and does not target individual
+`catch`/`catch_all` within a `try`. Here is another example:
+```
+try $l0
+  try $l1
+  catch ($l1)
+    try
+      call $foo
+    delegate $l1 ;; delegates to 'catch ($l0)'
+  catch_all
+    ...
+  end
+catch ($l0)
+```
+
+Here `delegate` is targeting `catch ($l1)`, which exists before the `delegate`.
+So in case an exception occurs, it propagates out and ends up targetting `catch
+($l0)`, if the catch has a matching tag. If not, it will propagate further out.
+Even if the `catch_all` is below the `delegate`, `delegate` targets catches of
+a `try` as a whole and does not target an individual `catch`/`catch_all`, so it
+doesn't apply.
+
+If `delegate`'s immediate argument is the depth of the outermost block + 1, it
+is considered to target the function-level block, so it in effect delegates the
+exception to the caller of the current function. For example:
+```
+(func $test
+  try $l
+    try
+      call $foo
+    delegate 1  ;; delegates to the caller
+  catch
+    ...
+  catch_all
+    ...
+  end
+)
+```
+In case `foo` throws, `delegate 1` here delegates the exception handling to the
+caller, i.e., the exception escapes the current function. If the immediate is
+greater than the depth of the outermost block + 1, it is a validation failure.
+
+The below is an example that includes all the cases explained:
+```
+(func $test
+  try $lA
+    block $lB
+      try $lC
+        try
+        delegate $lC (0) ;; delegates to 'catch ($lC)'
+        try
+        delegate $lB (1) ;; $lB is a block, so delegates to 'catch ($lA)'
+        try
+        delegate $lA (2) ;; delegates to 'catch ($lA)'
+        try
+        delegate 3       ;; propagates to the caller
+        try
+        delegate 4       ;; validation failure
+      catch ($lC)
+        try
+        delegate $lC (0) ;; 'catch ($lC)' is above this instruction, so delegates to 'catch ($lA)'
+        try
+        delegate $lB (1) ;; $lB is a block, so delegates to 'catch ($lA)'
+        try
+        delegate $lA (2) ;; delegates to 'catch ($lA)'
+        try
+        delegate 3       ;; propagates to the caller
+        try
+        delegate 4       ;; validation failure
+      end  ;; try $lC
+    end ;; block $lB
+  catch ($lA)
+  end ;; try $lA
+)
+```
 
 ### JS API