feat(maintenance): drop support for Node.js 16.x

Author: dreamorosi

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ body:
       options:
         - 20.x
         - 18.x
-        - 16.x
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: dropdown

.github/actions/cached-node-modules/action.yml

@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ outputs:
 runs:
   using: "composite"
   steps:
-    - name: Install npm
-      # We need to keep this npm version until we drop Node.js 16 support because Node.js 16 doesn't support npm 10
-      run: npm i -g npm@next-9
-      shell: bash
     - name: Cache node modules
       id: cache-node-modules
       uses: actions/cache@13aacd865c20de90d75de3b17ebe84f7a17d57d2 # v4.0.0

.github/workflows/reusable-run-linting-check-and-unit-tests.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
       NODE_ENV: dev
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        version: [16, 18, 20]
+        version: [18, 20]
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code

.github/workflows/run-e2e-tests.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
             packages/parameters,
             packages/idempotency,
           ]
-        version: [16, 18, 20]
+        version: [18, 20]
         arch: [x86_64, arm64]
       fail-fast: false
     steps:

docs/index.md

@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ You can use Powertools for AWS Lambda (TypeScript) by installing it with your fa
 
 [Lambda Layer](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-layers.html){target="_blank"} is a `.zip` file archive that can contain additional code, pre-packaged dependencies, data, or configuration files. We compile and optimize [all dependencies](#install) to achieve an optimal build.
 
-You can use the Lambda Layer both with CommonJS and ESM (ECMAScript modules) for Node.js 18.x and newer runtimes. **If you are using the managed Node.js 16.x runtime and cannot upgrade, you should use the CommonJS version only**.
+You can use the Lambda Layer both with CommonJS and ESM (ECMAScript modules) for Node.js 18.x and newer runtimes.
 
 ??? note "Click to expand and copy any regional Lambda Layer ARN"
     | Region           | Layer ARN                                                                                                     |

docs/overrides/main.html

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block announce %}
-Starting from July 1, 2024 we will end support for Node.js 16. Learn more <a
-  href="https://github.com/aws-powertools/powertools-lambda-typescript/issues/2223" target="_blank">here</a>.
+On September 1st, 2024 v1 of Powertools for AWS Lambda (TypeScript) <a
+  href="https://github.com/aws-powertools/powertools-lambda-typescript/issues/2224" target="_blank">will reach
+  End-of-Life</a>. We recommend you to <a href="https://docs.powertools.aws.dev/lambda/typescript/latest/upgrade/"
+  target="_blank">upgrade to v2</a>.
 {% endblock %}

docs/upgrade.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ V2 is focused on official support for ESM (ECMAScript modules). We've made other
 
 Before you start, we suggest making a copy of your current working project or create a new git branch.
 
-1. Upgrade Node.js to v16 or higher, Node.js v20 is recommended.
+1. Upgrade Node.js to v18 or higher, Node.js v20 is recommended.
 2. Ensure that you have the latest Powertools for AWS Lambda (TypeScript) version via [Lambda Layer](./index.md#lambda-layer) or npm.
 3. Review the following sections to confirm whether they apply to your codebase.
 

layers/src/canary-stack.ts

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export class CanaryStack extends Stack {
         '../tests/e2e/layerPublisher.class.test.functionCode.ts'
       ),
       handler: 'handler',
-      runtime: Runtime.NODEJS_16_X,
+      runtime: Runtime.NODEJS_18_X,
       functionName: `canary-${suffix}`,
       timeout: Duration.seconds(30),
       bundling: {

layers/src/layer-publisher-stack.ts

@@ -36,11 +36,7 @@ export class LayerPublisherStack extends Stack {
     this.lambdaLayerVersion = new LayerVersion(this, 'LambdaPowertoolsLayer', {
       layerVersionName: props?.layerName,
       description: `Powertools for AWS Lambda (TypeScript) version ${powertoolsPackageVersion}`,
-      compatibleRuntimes: [
-        Runtime.NODEJS_16_X,
-        Runtime.NODEJS_18_X,
-        Runtime.NODEJS_20_X,
-      ],
+      compatibleRuntimes: [Runtime.NODEJS_18_X, Runtime.NODEJS_20_X],
       license: 'MIT-0',
       // This is needed because the following regions do not support the compatibleArchitectures property #1400
       // ...(![ 'eu-south-2', 'eu-central-2', 'ap-southeast-4' ].includes(Stack.of(this).region) ? { compatibleArchitectures: [Architecture.X86_64] } : {}),
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ export class LayerPublisherStack extends Stack {
                 'node_modules/@aws-sdk/**/README.md ',
               ];
               const buildCommands: string[] = [];
-              // We need these modules because they are not included in the nodejs16x runtimes
+              // We install these to get the latest version of the packages
               const modulesToInstall: string[] = [
                 '@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb',
                 '@aws-sdk/util-dynamodb',

layers/tests/e2e/layerPublisher.test.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import {
   TestInvocationLogs,
   invokeFunctionOnce,
   generateTestUniqueName,
-  getRuntimeKey,
 } from '@aws-lambda-powertools/testing-utils';
 import { TestNodejsFunction } from '@aws-lambda-powertools/testing-utils/resources/lambda';
 import {
@@ -48,13 +47,7 @@ describe(`Layers E2E tests`, () => {
     },
   });
 
-  /**
-   * Node.js 16.x does not support importing ESM modules from Lambda Layers reliably.
-   *
-   * The feature is available in Node.js 18.x and later.
-   * @see https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/node-js-18-x-runtime-now-available-in-aws-lambda/
-   */
-  const cases = getRuntimeKey() === 'nodejs16x' ? ['CJS'] : ['CJS', 'ESM'];
+  const cases = ['CJS', 'ESM'];
   const invocationLogsMap: Map<(typeof cases)[number], TestInvocationLogs> =
     new Map();
 

layers/tests/unit/layer-publisher.test.ts

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('Class: LayerPublisherStack', () => {
     // Assess
     template.resourceCountIs('AWS::Lambda::LayerVersion', 1);
     template.hasResourceProperties('AWS::Lambda::LayerVersion', {
-      CompatibleRuntimes: ['nodejs16.x', 'nodejs18.x', 'nodejs20.x'],
+      CompatibleRuntimes: ['nodejs18.x', 'nodejs20.x'],
       LicenseInfo: 'MIT-0',
       /* CompatibleArchitectures: [
         'x86_64',

package.json

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
     "*.md": "markdownlint-cli2 --fix"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16"
+    "node": ">=18"
   },
   "overrides": {
     "lerna": {

packages/batch/package.json

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     "test": "npm run test:unit",
     "test:unit": "jest --group=unit --detectOpenHandles --coverage --verbose",
     "jest": "jest --detectOpenHandles --verbose",
-    "test:e2e:nodejs16x": "echo 'Not Implemented'",
     "test:e2e:nodejs18x": "echo 'Not Implemented'",
     "test:e2e:nodejs20x": "echo 'Not Implemented'",
     "test:e2e": "echo 'Not Implemented'",

packages/commons/src/middleware/cleanupMiddlewares.ts

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ const cleanupMiddlewares = async (request: MiddyLikeRequest): Promise<void> => {
     IDEMPOTENCY_KEY,
   ];
   for (const functionName of cleanupFunctionNames) {
-    if (Object(request.internal).hasOwnProperty(functionName)) {
+    if (Object.hasOwn(request.internal, functionName)) {
       const functionReference = request.internal[functionName];
       if (isFunction(functionReference)) {
         await functionReference(request);

packages/idempotency/package.json

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     "test": "npm run test:unit",
     "test:unit": "jest --group=unit --detectOpenHandles --coverage --verbose",
     "jest": "jest --detectOpenHandles --verbose",
-    "test:e2e:nodejs16x": "RUNTIME=nodejs16x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs18x": "RUNTIME=nodejs18x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs20x": "RUNTIME=nodejs20x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e": "jest --group=e2e",

packages/idempotency/tests/helpers/populateEnvironmentVariables.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Reserved variables
 process.env._X_AMZN_TRACE_ID = '1-abcdef12-3456abcdef123456abcdef12';
 process.env.AWS_LAMBDA_FUNCTION_NAME = 'my-lambda-function';
-process.env.AWS_EXECUTION_ENV = 'nodejs16.x';
+process.env.AWS_EXECUTION_ENV = 'nodejs20.x';
 process.env.AWS_LAMBDA_FUNCTION_MEMORY_SIZE = '128';
 if (
   process.env.AWS_REGION === undefined &&

packages/logger/package.json

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     "test": "npm run test:unit",
     "test:unit": "jest --group=unit --detectOpenHandles --coverage --verbose",
     "jest": "jest --detectOpenHandles --verbose",
-    "test:e2e:nodejs16x": "RUNTIME=nodejs16x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs18x": "RUNTIME=nodejs18x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs20x": "RUNTIME=nodejs20x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e": "jest --group=e2e",

packages/logger/src/Logger.ts

@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ class Logger extends Utility implements LoggerInterface {
     logger.addContext(context);
 
     let shouldLogEvent = undefined;
-    if (options && options.hasOwnProperty('logEvent')) {
+    if (options && Object.hasOwn(options, 'logEvent')) {
       shouldLogEvent = options.logEvent;
     }
     logger.logEventIfEnabled(event, shouldLogEvent);

packages/logger/src/formatter/LogFormatter.ts

@@ -7,22 +7,6 @@ import type {
 import type { UnformattedAttributes } from '../types/Logger.js';
 import { LogItem } from './LogItem.js';
 
-/**
- * Typeguard to monkey patch Error to add a cause property.
- *
- * This is needed because the `cause` property is present in ES2022 or newer.
- * Since we want to be able to format errors in Node 16.x, we need to
- * add this property ourselves. We can remove this once we drop support
- * for Node 16.x.
- *
- * @see https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_error_cause
- */
-const isErrorWithCause = (
-  error: Error
-): error is Error & { cause: unknown } => {
-  return 'cause' in error;
-};
-
 /**
  * This class defines and implements common methods for the formatting of log attributes.
  *
@@ -65,11 +49,10 @@ abstract class LogFormatter implements LogFormatterInterface {
       location: this.getCodeLocation(error.stack),
       message: error.message,
       stack: error.stack,
-      cause: isErrorWithCause(error)
-        ? error.cause instanceof Error
+      cause:
+        error.cause instanceof Error
           ? this.formatError(error.cause)
-          : error.cause
-        : undefined,
+          : error.cause,
     };
   }
 

packages/metrics/package.json

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
   "scripts": {
     "test": "npm run test:unit",
     "test:unit": "jest --group=unit --detectOpenHandles --coverage --verbose",
-    "test:e2e:nodejs16x": "RUNTIME=nodejs16x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs18x": "RUNTIME=nodejs18x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs20x": "RUNTIME=nodejs20x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e": "jest --group=e2e",

packages/parameters/package.json

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     "test": "npm run test:unit",
     "test:unit": "jest --group=unit --detectOpenHandles --coverage --verbose",
     "jest": "jest --detectOpenHandles --verbose",
-    "test:e2e:nodejs16x": "RUNTIME=nodejs16x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs18x": "RUNTIME=nodejs18x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs20x": "RUNTIME=nodejs20x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e": "jest --group=e2e",

packages/parameters/src/appconfig/getAppConfig.ts

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ const getAppConfig = <
   | AppConfigGetOutput<ExplicitUserProvidedType, InferredFromOptionsType>
   | undefined
 > => {
-  if (!DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.hasOwnProperty('appconfig')) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(DEFAULT_PROVIDERS, 'appconfig')) {
     DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.appconfig = new AppConfigProvider({
       application: options?.application,
       environment: options.environment,

packages/parameters/src/secrets/getSecret.ts

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ const getSecret = async <
   | SecretsGetOutput<ExplicitUserProvidedType, InferredFromOptionsType>
   | undefined
 > => {
-  if (!DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.hasOwnProperty('secrets')) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(DEFAULT_PROVIDERS, 'secrets')) {
     DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.secrets = new SecretsProvider();
   }
 

packages/parameters/src/ssm/SSMProvider.ts

@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ class SSMProvider extends BaseProvider {
     reservedParameter: string,
     throwOnError: boolean
   ): void {
-    if (!throwOnError && parameters.hasOwnProperty(reservedParameter)) {
+    if (!throwOnError && Object.hasOwn(parameters, reservedParameter)) {
       throw new GetParameterError(
         `You cannot fetch a parameter named ${reservedParameter} in graceful error mode.`
       );

packages/parameters/src/ssm/getParameter.ts

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ const getParameter = async <
 ): Promise<
   SSMGetOutput<ExplicitUserProvidedType, InferredFromOptionsType> | undefined
 > => {
-  if (!DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.hasOwnProperty('ssm')) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(DEFAULT_PROVIDERS, 'ssm')) {
     DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.ssm = new SSMProvider();
   }
 

packages/parameters/src/ssm/getParameters.ts

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ const getParameters = async <
   | SSMGetMultipleOutput<ExplicitUserProvidedType, InferredFromOptionsType>
   | undefined
 > => {
-  if (!DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.hasOwnProperty('ssm')) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(DEFAULT_PROVIDERS, 'ssm')) {
     DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.ssm = new SSMProvider();
   }
 

packages/parameters/src/ssm/getParametersByName.ts

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ const getParametersByName = async <ExplicitUserProvidedType = undefined>(
   parameters: Record<string, SSMGetParametersByNameOptions>,
   options?: SSMGetParametersByNameOptions
 ): Promise<SSMGetParametersByNameOutput<ExplicitUserProvidedType>> => {
-  if (!DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.hasOwnProperty('ssm')) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(DEFAULT_PROVIDERS, 'ssm')) {
     DEFAULT_PROVIDERS.ssm = new SSMProvider();
   }
 

packages/parser/src/errors.ts

@@ -3,22 +3,11 @@
  * The cause of the error is included in the message, if possible.
  */
 class ParseError extends Error {
-  /**
-   * we use the `cause` property, which is present in ES2022 or newer, to store the cause of the error.
-   * because we have to support Node 16.x, we need to add this property ourselves.
-   * We can remove this once we drop support for Node 16.x.
-   * see: https://github.com/aws-powertools/powertools-lambda-typescript/issues/2223
-   *
-   * @see https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_error_cause
-   */
-  public readonly cause: Error | undefined;
-
-  public constructor(message: string, cause?: Error) {
-    const errorMessage = cause
-      ? `${message}. This error was caused by: ${cause.message}.`
+  public constructor(message: string, options?: { cause?: Error }) {
+    const errorMessage = options?.cause
+      ? `${message}. This error was caused by: ${options?.cause.message}.`
       : message;
     super(errorMessage);
-    this.cause = cause;
     this.name = 'ParseError';
   }
 }

packages/parser/src/parser.ts

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ const parse = <T extends ZodSchema, E extends Envelope>(
   }
   try {
     return schema.parse(data);
-  } catch (e) {
-    throw new ParseError('Failed to parse schema', e as Error);
+  } catch (error) {
+    throw new ParseError('Failed to parse schema', { cause: error as Error });
   }
 };
 
@@ -66,7 +66,9 @@ const safeParseSchema = <T extends ZodSchema>(
     ? result
     : {
         success: false,
-        error: new ParseError('Failed to parse schema safely', result.error),
+        error: new ParseError('Failed to parse schema safely', {
+          cause: result.error,
+        }),
         originalEvent: data,
       };
 };

packages/testing/src/constants.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ const defaultRuntime = 'nodejs20x';
  * The AWS Lambda runtimes that are supported by the project.
  */
 const TEST_RUNTIMES = {
-  nodejs16x: Runtime.NODEJS_16_X,
   nodejs18x: Runtime.NODEJS_18_X,
   [defaultRuntime]: Runtime.NODEJS_20_X,
 } as const;

packages/testing/tests/helpers/populateEnvironmentVariables.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Reserved variables
 process.env._X_AMZN_TRACE_ID = '1-abcdef12-3456abcdef123456abcdef12';
 process.env.AWS_LAMBDA_FUNCTION_NAME = 'my-lambda-function';
-process.env.AWS_EXECUTION_ENV = 'nodejs16.x';
+process.env.AWS_EXECUTION_ENV = 'nodejs20.x';
 process.env.AWS_LAMBDA_FUNCTION_MEMORY_SIZE = '128';
 if (
   process.env.AWS_REGION === undefined &&

packages/tracer/package.json

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     "test": "npm run test:unit",
     "test:unit": "jest --group=unit --detectOpenHandles --coverage --verbose",
     "jest": "jest --detectOpenHandles --verbose",
-    "test:e2e:nodejs16x": "RUNTIME=nodejs16x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs18x": "RUNTIME=nodejs18x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e:nodejs20x": "RUNTIME=nodejs20x jest --group=e2e",
     "test:e2e": "jest --group=e2e",

packages/tracer/tests/e2e/allFeatures.decorator.test.ts

@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ describe(`Tracer E2E tests, all features with decorator instantiation`, () => {
           expect(invocationSubsegment.error).toBe(true);
           expect(handlerSubsegment.error).toBe(true);
           // Assert that no error was captured on the subsegment
-          expect(handlerSubsegment.hasOwnProperty('cause')).toBe(false);
+          expect(Object.hasOwn(handlerSubsegment, 'cause')).toBe(false);
         }
       }
     },

packages/tracer/tests/e2e/allFeatures.middy.test.ts

@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ describe(`Tracer E2E tests, all features with middy instantiation`, () => {
           expect(invocationSubsegment.error).toBe(true);
           expect(handlerSubsegment.error).toBe(true);
           // Assert that no error was captured on the subsegment
-          expect(handlerSubsegment.hasOwnProperty('cause')).toBe(false);
+          expect(Object.hasOwn(handlerSubsegment, 'cause')).toBe(false);
         }
       }
     },