Make split out to another repo, add texinfo

Author: cirosantilli

README.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
     1.  [Distros](distros.md)
         1. [Minimal distros](minimal-distros.md)
 1.  [Kernel](kernel/)
-    1. [System Call](system-call/)
+    1. [System Call](system-call.md)
     1. [sysctl](sysctl.md)
     1. [dmesg](demesg.md)
     1. [installkernel](installkernel.md)
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
     1.  [lsb_release](lsb_release.md)
     1.  [uname](uname.md)
     1.  Hardware
+        [cpuid](cpuid.md)
         [lspci](lspci.md)
 1.  [Filesystem](filesystem.md)
     1.  [File permissions](file-permissions.md)
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
     1.  [CD DVD](cd-dvd.md)
         [isoinfo](isoinfo.md)
         [eject](eject.md)
-1. [Terminal](terminal.md): terminal emulators, ANSI escapes, control characters
+1.  [Terminal](terminal.md): terminal emulators, ANSI escapes, control characters
     1. [Guake](guake.sh)
 1.  Stream and file manipulation
     1. [cat](cat.md)
@@ -131,33 +132,40 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
     1. [wdiff](diff.md)
 1.  Programming
     1.  [ack](ack.sh)
+    1.  Analytics
+        1.  [cloc](cloc.md)
+        1.  [sloccount](sloccount.md)
     1.  [ctags](ctags/)
     1.  [cscope](cscope.md)
     1.  Build systems
         1. [make](make/)
         1. [autotools](autotools/)
 1.  Processes
-    1. [Shebang](shebang/)
-    1. [chroot](chroot.sh)
-    1. [env](env.sh)
-    1. [free](env.md)
-    1. [htop](htop.md)
-    1. [jobs](jobs.sh)
-    1. [kill](kill.sh)
-    1. [killall](killall.sh)
-    1. [lsof](lsof.md)
-    1. [nice](nice.sh)
-    1. [nohup](nohup.sh)
-    1. [ps](ps.md)
-    1. [pstree](pstree.sh)
-    1. [pwd](pwd.sh)
-    1. [sleep](sleep.sh)
-    1. [strace](strace.md)
-    1. [timeout](timeout.md)
-    1. [top](top.md)
-    1. [umask](umask.md)
-    1. [ulimit](ulimit.md)
-    1. [wait](wait.sh)
+    1.  [Shebang](shebang/)
+    1.  [chroot](chroot.sh)
+    1.  [env](env.sh)
+    1.  [free](env.md)
+    1.  [htop](htop.md)
+    1.  [jobs](jobs.sh)
+    1.  [kill](kill.sh)
+    1.  [killall](killall.sh)
+    1.  [lsof](lsof.md)
+    1.  [ltrace](ltrace.md)
+    1.  [nice](nice.sh)
+    1.  [nohup](nohup.sh)
+    1.  procps
+        1. [pmap](ps.md)
+        1. [ps](ps.md)
+    1.  [parallel](parallel.md)
+    1.  [pstree](pstree.sh)
+    1.  [pwd](pwd.sh)
+    1.  [sleep](sleep.sh)
+    1.  [strace](strace.md)
+    1.  [timeout](timeout.md)
+    1.  [top](top.md)
+    1.  [umask](umask.md)
+    1.  [ulimit](ulimit.md)
+    1.  [wait](wait.sh)
 1.  Date and time
     1. [cal](cal.md)
     1. [ddate](ddate.md)
@@ -173,7 +181,6 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
         1. [GIMP](gimp.md)
         1. [gnuplot](gnuplot)
         1. [imagemagick](imagemagick.md)
-    1.  [Markup](markup/): Markdown, RST. Focus on command line interface and extensions
     1.  [Video](video.md): videos, films, subtitles
 1.  File sharing
     1. [Dropbox](dropbox.md)
@@ -210,14 +217,16 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
 1.  Character encoding
     1. [Unicode](unicode.md)
         1. [iconv](iconv.sh)
-1.  Markup compilers
+1.  Markup
     1. [Kramdown](kramdown/)
     1. [Pandoc](pandoc/)
     1. [RST](rst/)
 1.  [Virtualization](virtualization.md)
     1. [Docker](docker/)
     1. [QEMU](qemu.md)
+    1. [Xen](xen.md)
     1. [Vagrant](vagrang/)
+    1. [Intel SDE](intel-sde.md)
 1.  [Configuration automation](config-automation.md)
     1. [chef](chef/)
     1. [puppet](puppet.md)
@@ -227,6 +236,7 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
         1. [lpstat](lpstat.md)
         1. [lpoptions](lpoptions.md)
         1. [system-config-printer](system-config-printer.md)
+    1.  [ink](ink.md)
 1.  Mathematics
     1.  [bc](bc.md)
     1.  [factor](factor.md)
@@ -262,3 +272,5 @@ Includes Linux concepts and utilities that work on Linux, not necessarily in the
 1.  File sharing
     1. [NFS](nfs.md)
     1. [LDAP](ldap.md)
+1.  Markup
+    1. [Texinfo](texinfo.md)

alternatives.md

@@ -9,4 +9,9 @@ Major alternatives:
 
 - <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX>, IBM system V based
 - <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX>, HP system V based
-- <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNX>, strict real time and micro-kernel, bought by BlackBerry.
+
+Strict real time:
+
+- <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNX>, proprietary, micro-kernel, bought by BlackBerry.
+- <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorks>, proprietary
+- <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECos> GPL, started by Cygnus, discontinued by Red Hat, copyright later transfered to the FSF.

autotools/hello-world/README.md

@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ Get started:
     autoconf_hello_world
     sudo make uninstall
 
+Most useful things to get started:
+
+- `./configure --prefix`
+- `make install DESTDIR`
+
 ## What to gitignore on a real project
 
 In normal projects, the files generated by the `autoreconf --install` command are also checked in with Git.
@@ -18,6 +23,8 @@ We `.gitignore` them here for minimality.
 
 ## Configure
 
+### prefix
+
 ### Installation prefix
 
     ../configure --prefix="$(pwd)/install"
@@ -28,3 +35,21 @@ This is:
 
 - very instructive to see what is getting built on large projects
 - useful to prepare `chroot` environments
+
+## Makefile
+
+### DESTDIR
+
+Modify the installation destination for a single run, without rerunning `config` with a different prefix:
+
+    make install DESTDIR="$(pwd)/../install2"
+
+This will install the programs under:
+
+    $(pwd)/../install2/usr/local/
+
+supposing that the prefix is `/usr/local`.
+
+This is very useful to make test installs without modifying the system.
+
+It may be important to not rerun `config` because that requires a `make distclean && make`, which could take hours for large projects.

awk.sh

@@ -2,74 +2,129 @@
 
 # POSIX 7. http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/awk.html
 
-# Turing Machine, but use only for *ultra simple* POSIX text table field manipulation:
+# Turing complet, but use only for *ultra simple* POSIX text table field manipulation,
+# e.g.: if a column equals X, print Y.
+
 # it only has better golfing on that very limited problem set.
 
-# For more sanity, use Perl or Python.
+# For more sanity, use Python.
 
-## variables
+## Basic examples
 
-  #same as c
+  # Example of where you should use it: print second column is the first is `'a'`:
 
-  #initialized to 0.
+    printf 'a 1\nb 2\na 3' | awk '$1 == "a" { print $2 }'
 
-  #$0: entire record
-  #$\n: fields
-  #last field: $(NF-1)
+  # Numeric comparison: print col 2 if col 1 equals 1:
 
-  ## FS
-    #field (column) separator
-    #FS=':' FS=/[[:space:]]/ -F'/[[:space:]]/'
-  #OFS: output field separator
-  #RS: record (line) separator
-  #ORS: output ""
-  #NF: number of fields
-  #NR: number of current record
-  #FNR: total number of records in cur file
+    printf '01 a\n2 b\n001 c' | awk '$1 == 1 { print $2 }'
 
-#- arithmetic: same as C: +, *, -, /
+  # Simple arithmetic operations:
 
-#- string comp: `==` and `!=`
+    printf 'a 01\nb 2\na 3' | awk '$2 == 1 { print $1 }'
 
-#- posix string ERE regex comp: ~// !~// (sub match accepted unless you use `^$`)
+  # Line number operations: print every nth line:
 
-#- if else for while: like C
+    seq 10 | awk 'NR % 3 == 0'
+
+  # Line number operations: delete every nth line:
+
+    seq 10 | awk 'NR % 3 != 0'
+
+  # GNU sed can do those with the `~` extension:
+  # http://superuser.com/questions/396536/how-to-keep-only-every-nth-line-of-a-file
+
+## General syntax
+
+  # Similar to sed.
 
-## general syntax
+  # A general awk program is of the type:
 
-  #A general awk program is of the type:
+    # BEGIN       { STATEMENT_BEGIN }
+    # CONDITION0  { STATEMENT0   }
+    # CONDITION1  { STATEMENT1   }
+    # ...
+    # CONDITION_N { STATEMENT_N   }
+    # END         { STATEMENT_END  }
 
-    #BEGIN     { STATEMENT_BEGIN }
-    #CONDITION0   { STATEMENT0   }
-    #CONDITION1   { STATEMENT1   }
-    #...
-    #CONDITION_N  { STATEMENT_N   }
-    #END      { STATEMENT_END  }
+  # To put multiple statements on a single lime, use `;`.
 
   printf '1 2\n3 4' | awk 'BEGIN{print "b"}1<2{print "l"}1<2{print "l2"; print "l3"}1>2{print "l4"}END{print "e"}'
   #$'b\nl\nl2\nl3\nl\nl2\nl3\ne
 
-  echo '0.5 0.5' | awk '{print $1+$2}'
+  echo '0.5 0.5' | awk '{print $1 + $2}'
   #1
 
-## string num conversion
+  # If a statment is missing, print is implied:
+
+    [ "$(echo 'a' | awk '1')" = 'a' ] || exit 1
+
+  # If a condition is missing, 1 (true) is implied:
+
+    [ "$(echo 'a' | awk '{print}')" = 'a' ] || exit 1
+
+## Variables
+
+  # Same as c
+
+  # Initialized to 0.
+
+  # $0: entire record
+  # $\n: fields
+  # last field: $(NF-1)
+
+  ## FS
+
+    # Field (column) separator.
 
-    awk 'BEGIN{print "1"+1}'
-    awk 'BEGIN{print " 1"+1}'
+    # FS=':' FS=/[[:space:]]/ -F'/[[:space:]]/'
+
+  ## OFS: output field separator
+
+  ## RS: record (line) separator
+
+  ## ORS: output ""
+
+  ## NF: number of fields
+
+  ## NR: number of current record
+
+  ## FNR: total number of records in current file file
+
+#- arithmetic: same as C: +, *, -, /
+
+#- string comp: `==` and `!=`
+
+#- posix string ERE regex comp: ~// !~// (sub match accepted unless you use `^$`)
+
+#- if else for while: like C
+
+## String to int
+
+    awk 'BEGIN {print "1"+1}'
+    awk 'BEGIN {print " 1"+1}'
     #2
 
 ## print
 
-  awk 'BEGIN{print "a", 1}'
+  awk 'BEGIN {print "a", 1}'
     #'a 1'
-      #by default, print does space separation
-  awk 'BEGIN{print "a" "b"}'
+      # by default, print does space separation
+
+  awk 'BEGIN {print "a" "b"}'
     #'ab'
       #string concat
 
+  # Without arguments, it defaults to `print $0`:
+
     [ "$(echo 'a' | awk '{print}')" = 'a' ] || exit 1
 
-## applications
+  # Note that the default action is to print:
+
+    [ "$(echo 'a' | awk '1')" = 'a' ] || exit 1
+    [ "$(echo 'a' | awk '1;1')" = "$(printf "a\na")" ] || exit 1
+
+## Applications
 
   # Print second field of all entries if first field equals a given integer value:
 
@@ -92,7 +147,9 @@
   # Record separator.
 
   # `''` is a special value that selects blank lines, i.e. paragraphs:
-  # http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/82944/how-to-grep-for-text-in-a-file-and-display-the-paragraph-that-has-the-text/82958#82958
+
+  # - http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/136218/grep-sed-or-awk-print-entire-paragraph-in-a-file-on-pattern-match
+  # - http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/82944/how-to-grep-for-text-in-a-file-and-display-the-paragraph-that-has-the-text/82958#82958
 
     [ "$(printf '1 a0\na1\na2\n\nb0\nb1\nb2\n\nc0\nc1\nc2\n' | awk -v RS='' '/b1/')" = "$(printf 'b0\nb1\nb2')" ] || exit 1
 

bsd.md

@@ -18,3 +18,10 @@ Main variants:
 - FreeBSD
 - OpenBSD
 - NetBSD
+
+Major users: <https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/testimonials> include:
+
+- WhatsApp
+- Netflix
+- Xinuous
+- Experts Exchange

busybox.md

@@ -37,3 +37,11 @@ BusyBox also implements a version `init`, which is capable of reading `/etc/init
 Even though Ubuntu 14.04 does not have it installed by default, its boot system adds it to the `/boot/initrd*` files. Poetically speaking, the initial boot environment has characteristics of an embedded system.
 
 It is then the job of `init` to mount
+
+## Internals
+
+BusyBox uses the kernel's Kconfig mechanism.
+
+In particular, it is affected by variables like `KBUILD_OUTPUT` just like the kernel, and has identical targets like `defconfig` and `mrproper`.
+
+Unlike the kernel, the `KBUILD_OUTPUT` directory must exist before running `make`... Why?