diff --git a/.github/labeler.yml b/.github/labeler.yml
index 6f4752d79..9b16974e0 100644
--- a/.github/labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/labeler.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This configures the .github/workflows/pull_request_label.yml workflow. 
+# This configures the .github/workflows/pull_request_label.yml workflow.
 
 'type-infra':
   - '.github/**'
@@ -6,5 +6,8 @@
 'package:c_compiler':
   - pkgs/c_compiler/**/*
 
+'package:native_assets_builder':
+  - pkgs/native_assets_builder/**/*
+
 'package:native_assets_cli':
   - pkgs/native_assets_cli/**/*
diff --git a/.github/workflows/dart.yaml b/.github/workflows/dart.yaml
index 1c2f7c306..466b8c1e2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/dart.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dart.yaml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu, macos, windows]
         sdk: [stable, dev]
-        package: [c_compiler, native_assets_cli]
+        package: [c_compiler, native_assets_builder, native_assets_cli]
         exclude:
           # Only run analyze against dev on one host.
           - os: macos
@@ -49,8 +49,25 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: dart pub get
 
-      - run: dart pub get
-        working-directory: pkgs/native_assets_cli/example/native_add/
+      - run: dart pub get -C test/data/dart_app/
+        if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_builder' }}
+
+      - run: dart pub get -C test/data/native_add/
+        if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_builder' }}
+
+      - run: dart pub get -C test/data/native_add_add_source/
+        if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_builder' }}
+
+      - run: dart pub get -C test/data/native_subtract/
+        if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_builder' }}
+
+      - run: dart pub get -C test/data/package_reading_metadata/
+        if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_builder' }}
+
+      - run: dart pub get -C test/data/package_with_metadata/
+        if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_builder' }}
+
+      - run: dart pub get -C example/native_add/
         if: ${{ matrix.package == 'native_assets_cli' }}
 
       - run: dart analyze --fatal-infos
diff --git a/AUTHORS b/AUTHORS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..846e4a156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AUTHORS
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Below is a list of people and organizations that have contributed
+# to the Dart project. Names should be added to the list like so:
+#
+#   Name/Organization <email address>
+
+Google LLC
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7a6054384..b4f1a3927 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ bundling.
 | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
 | [c_compiler](pkgs/c_compiler/)               | A library to invoke the native C compiler installed on the host machine.                    |         |
 | [native_assets_cli](pkgs/native_assets_cli/) | A library that contains the argument and file formats for implementing a native assets CLI. |         |
+| [native_assets_builder](pkgs/native_assets_builder/) | A library that contains the logic for building native assets. This should not be used by users, and is used as shared implementation between dartdev and flutter_tools. |         |
 
 <!-- ## Publishing automation
 
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/.gitignore b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58e48f35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# https://dart.dev/guides/libraries/private-files
+# Created by `dart pub`
+.dart_tool/
+
+# Avoid committing pubspec.lock for library packages; see
+# https://dart.dev/guides/libraries/private-files#pubspeclock.
+pubspec.lock
+
+coverage/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/LICENSE b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fd5739c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright 2023, the Dart project authors.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+      copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+      disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+      with the distribution.
+    * Neither the name of Google LLC nor the names of its
+      contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+      from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/README.md b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..830f841f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This package contains the logic for building native assets.
+
+This package is the backend that invokes toplevel `build.dart` scripts.
+For more info on these scripts see https://github.com/dart-lang/native.
+
+This is a separate package so that dartdev and flutter_tools can reuse
+the same logic with flutter_tools having to import dartdev.
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/analysis_options.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/analysis_options.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d557097c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/analysis_options.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+include: package:dart_flutter_team_lints/analysis_options.yaml
+
+analyzer:
+  language:
+    strict-raw-types: true
+    strict-inference: true
+
+linter:
+  rules:
+    - always_declare_return_types
+    - avoid_dynamic_calls
+    - camel_case_types
+    - depend_on_referenced_packages
+    - directives_ordering
+    - prefer_const_declarations
+    - prefer_expression_function_bodies
+    - prefer_final_in_for_each
+    - prefer_final_locals
+    - prefer_relative_imports
+    - prefer_single_quotes
+    - sort_pub_dependencies
+    - unawaited_futures
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/dart_test.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/dart_test.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1c8a57d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/dart_test.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+paths:
+  - test/build_runner/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/native_assets_builder.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/native_assets_builder.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ff29ab0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/native_assets_builder.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+export 'package:native_assets_builder/src/build_runner/build_runner.dart';
+export 'package:native_assets_builder/src/package_layout/package_layout.dart';
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/build_runner/build_planner.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/build_runner/build_planner.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb4c739b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/build_runner/build_planner.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:convert';
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:graphs/graphs.dart' as graphs;
+import 'package:package_config/package_config.dart';
+
+class NativeAssetsBuildPlanner {
+  final PackageGraph packageGraph;
+  final List<Package> packagesWithNativeAssets;
+  final Uri dartExecutable;
+
+  NativeAssetsBuildPlanner({
+    required this.packageGraph,
+    required this.packagesWithNativeAssets,
+    required this.dartExecutable,
+  });
+
+  static Future<NativeAssetsBuildPlanner> fromRootPackageRoot({
+    required Uri rootPackageRoot,
+    required List<Package> packagesWithNativeAssets,
+    required Uri dartExecutable,
+  }) async {
+    final result = await Process.run(
+      dartExecutable.toFilePath(),
+      [
+        'pub',
+        'deps',
+        '--json',
+      ],
+      workingDirectory: rootPackageRoot.toFilePath(),
+    );
+    final packageGraph =
+        PackageGraph.fromPubDepsJsonString(result.stdout as String);
+    return NativeAssetsBuildPlanner(
+      packageGraph: packageGraph,
+      packagesWithNativeAssets: packagesWithNativeAssets,
+      dartExecutable: dartExecutable,
+    );
+  }
+
+  List<Package> plan() {
+    final packageMap = {
+      for (final package in packagesWithNativeAssets) package.name: package
+    };
+    final packagesToBuild = packageMap.keys.toSet();
+    final stronglyConnectedComponents = packageGraph.computeStrongComponents();
+    final result = <Package>[];
+    for (final stronglyConnectedComponent in stronglyConnectedComponents) {
+      final stronglyConnectedComponentWithNativeAssets = [
+        for (final packageName in stronglyConnectedComponent)
+          if (packagesToBuild.contains(packageName)) packageName
+      ];
+      if (stronglyConnectedComponentWithNativeAssets.length > 1) {
+        throw Exception(
+          'Cyclic dependency for native asset builds in the following '
+          'packages: $stronglyConnectedComponent.',
+        );
+      } else if (stronglyConnectedComponentWithNativeAssets.length == 1) {
+        result.add(
+            packageMap[stronglyConnectedComponentWithNativeAssets.single]!);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+}
+
+class PackageGraph {
+  final Map<String, List<String>> map;
+
+  PackageGraph(this.map);
+
+  /// Construct a graph from the JSON produced by `dart pub deps --json`.
+  factory PackageGraph.fromPubDepsJsonString(String json) =>
+      PackageGraph.fromPubDepsJson(jsonDecode(json) as Map<dynamic, dynamic>);
+
+  /// Construct a graph from the JSON produced by `dart pub deps --json`.
+  factory PackageGraph.fromPubDepsJson(Map<dynamic, dynamic> map) {
+    final result = <String, List<String>>{};
+    final packages = map['packages'] as List<dynamic>;
+    for (final package in packages) {
+      final package_ = package as Map<dynamic, dynamic>;
+      final name = package_['name'] as String;
+      final dependencies = (package_['dependencies'] as List<dynamic>)
+          .whereType<String>()
+          .toList();
+      result[name] = dependencies;
+    }
+    return PackageGraph(result);
+  }
+
+  Iterable<String> neighborsOf(String vertex) => map[vertex] ?? [];
+
+  Iterable<String> get vertices => map.keys;
+
+  List<List<String>> computeStrongComponents() =>
+      graphs.stronglyConnectedComponents(vertices, neighborsOf);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/build_runner/build_runner.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/build_runner/build_runner.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43900cb23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/build_runner/build_runner.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:async';
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+
+import '../package_layout/package_layout.dart';
+import '../utils/run_process.dart';
+import 'build_planner.dart';
+
+typedef DependencyMetadata = Map<String, Metadata>;
+
+/// The programmatic API to be used by Dart launchers to invoke native builds.
+///
+/// These methods are invoked by launchers such as dartdev (for `dart run`)
+/// and flutter_tools (for `flutter run` and `flutter build`).
+class NativeAssetsBuildRunner {
+  final Logger logger;
+  final Uri dartExecutable;
+
+  NativeAssetsBuildRunner({
+    required this.logger,
+    required this.dartExecutable,
+  });
+
+  final _metadata = <Target, DependencyMetadata>{};
+
+  /// [workingDirectory] is expected to contain `.dart_tool`.
+  ///
+  /// This method is invoked by launchers such as dartdev (for `dart run`) and
+  /// flutter_tools (for `flutter run` and `flutter build`).
+  ///
+  /// Completes the future with an error if the build fails.
+  Future<List<Asset>> build({
+    required LinkModePreference linkModePreference,
+    required Target target,
+    required Uri workingDirectory,
+    required BuildMode buildMode,
+    CCompilerConfig? cCompilerConfig,
+    IOSSdk? targetIOSSdk,
+    int? targetAndroidNdkApi,
+    required bool includeParentEnvironment,
+  }) async {
+    assert(_metadata.isEmpty);
+    final packageLayout =
+        await PackageLayout.fromRootPackageRoot(workingDirectory);
+    final packagesWithNativeAssets =
+        await packageLayout.packagesWithNativeAssets;
+    final planner = await NativeAssetsBuildPlanner.fromRootPackageRoot(
+      rootPackageRoot: packageLayout.rootPackageRoot,
+      packagesWithNativeAssets: packagesWithNativeAssets,
+      dartExecutable: Uri.file(Platform.resolvedExecutable),
+    );
+    final plan = planner.plan();
+    final assetList = <Asset>[];
+    for (final package in plan) {
+      final dependencyMetadata = _metadataForPackage(
+        packageGraph: planner.packageGraph,
+        packageName: package.name,
+        targetMetadata: _metadata[target],
+      );
+      final config = await _cliConfig(
+        packageName: package.name,
+        packageRoot: packageLayout.packageRoot(package.name),
+        target: target,
+        buildMode: buildMode,
+        linkMode: linkModePreference,
+        buildParentDir: packageLayout.dartToolNativeAssetsBuilder,
+        dependencyMetadata: dependencyMetadata,
+        cCompilerConfig: cCompilerConfig,
+        targetIOSSdk: targetIOSSdk,
+        targetAndroidNdkApi: targetAndroidNdkApi,
+      );
+      final assets = await _buildPackageCached(
+        config,
+        packageLayout.packageConfigUri,
+        workingDirectory,
+        includeParentEnvironment,
+      );
+      assetList.addAll(assets);
+    }
+    return assetList;
+  }
+
+  /// [workingDirectory] is expected to contain `.dart_tool`.
+  ///
+  /// This method is invoked by launchers such as dartdev (for `dart run`) and
+  /// flutter_tools (for `flutter run` and `flutter build`).
+  ///
+  /// Completes the future with an error if the build fails.
+  Future<List<Asset>> dryRun({
+    required LinkModePreference linkModePreference,
+    required OS targetOs,
+    required Uri workingDirectory,
+    required bool includeParentEnvironment,
+  }) async {
+    assert(_metadata.isEmpty);
+    final packageLayout =
+        await PackageLayout.fromRootPackageRoot(workingDirectory);
+    final packagesWithNativeAssets =
+        await packageLayout.packagesWithNativeAssets;
+    final planner = await NativeAssetsBuildPlanner.fromRootPackageRoot(
+      rootPackageRoot: packageLayout.rootPackageRoot,
+      packagesWithNativeAssets: packagesWithNativeAssets,
+      dartExecutable: Uri.file(Platform.resolvedExecutable),
+    );
+    final plan = planner.plan();
+    final assetList = <Asset>[];
+    for (final package in plan) {
+      final config = await _cliConfigDryRun(
+        packageName: package.name,
+        packageRoot: packageLayout.packageRoot(package.name),
+        targetOs: targetOs,
+        linkMode: linkModePreference,
+        buildParentDir: packageLayout.dartToolNativeAssetsBuilder,
+      );
+      final assets = await _buildPackage(
+        config,
+        packageLayout.packageConfigUri,
+        workingDirectory,
+        includeParentEnvironment,
+        dryRun: true,
+      );
+      assetList.addAll(assets);
+    }
+    return assetList;
+  }
+
+  Future<List<Asset>> _buildPackageCached(
+    BuildConfig config,
+    Uri packageConfigUri,
+    Uri workingDirectory,
+    bool includeParentEnvironment,
+  ) async {
+    final packageName = config.packageName;
+    final outDir = config.outDir;
+    if (!await Directory.fromUri(outDir).exists()) {
+      await Directory.fromUri(outDir).create(recursive: true);
+    }
+
+    final buildOutput = await BuildOutput.readFromFile(outDir: outDir);
+    final lastBuilt = buildOutput?.timestamp.roundDownToSeconds() ??
+        DateTime.fromMillisecondsSinceEpoch(0);
+    final dependencies = buildOutput?.dependencies;
+    final lastChange = await dependencies?.lastModified() ?? DateTime.now();
+
+    if (lastBuilt.isAfter(lastChange)) {
+      logger.info('Skipping build for $packageName in $outDir. '
+          'Last build on $lastBuilt, last input change on $lastChange.');
+      // All build flags go into [outDir]. Therefore we do not have to check
+      // here whether the config is equal.
+
+      setMetadata(config.target, packageName, buildOutput?.metadata);
+      return buildOutput!.assets;
+    }
+
+    return _buildPackage(
+      config,
+      packageConfigUri,
+      workingDirectory,
+      includeParentEnvironment,
+      dryRun: false,
+    );
+  }
+
+  Future<List<Asset>> _buildPackage(
+    BuildConfig config,
+    Uri packageConfigUri,
+    Uri workingDirectory,
+    bool includeParentEnvironment, {
+    required bool dryRun,
+  }) async {
+    final outDir = config.outDir;
+    final configFile = outDir.resolve('config.yaml');
+    final buildDotDart = config.packageRoot.resolve('build.dart');
+    final configFileContents = config.toYamlString();
+    logger.info('config.yaml contents: $configFileContents');
+    await File.fromUri(configFile).writeAsString(configFileContents);
+    final buildOutputFile = File.fromUri(outDir.resolve(BuildOutput.fileName));
+    if (await buildOutputFile.exists()) {
+      // Ensure we'll never read outdated build results.
+      await buildOutputFile.delete();
+    }
+    await runProcess(
+      workingDirectory: workingDirectory,
+      executable: dartExecutable,
+      arguments: [
+        '--packages=${packageConfigUri.toFilePath()}',
+        buildDotDart.toFilePath(),
+        '--config=${configFile.toFilePath()}',
+      ],
+      logger: logger,
+      includeParentEnvironment: includeParentEnvironment,
+      expectedExitCode: 0,
+      throwOnUnexpectedExitCode: true,
+    );
+    final buildOutput = await BuildOutput.readFromFile(outDir: outDir);
+    if (!dryRun) {
+      setMetadata(config.target, config.packageName, buildOutput?.metadata);
+    }
+    return buildOutput?.assets ?? [];
+  }
+
+  void setMetadata(Target target, String packageName, Metadata? metadata) {
+    if (metadata == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    _metadata[target] ??= {};
+    _metadata[target]![packageName] = metadata;
+  }
+
+  static Future<BuildConfig> _cliConfig({
+    required String packageName,
+    required Uri packageRoot,
+    required Target target,
+    IOSSdk? targetIOSSdk,
+    int? targetAndroidNdkApi,
+    required BuildMode buildMode,
+    required LinkModePreference linkMode,
+    required Uri buildParentDir,
+    CCompilerConfig? cCompilerConfig,
+    DependencyMetadata? dependencyMetadata,
+  }) async {
+    final buildDirName = BuildConfig.checksum(
+      packageRoot: packageRoot,
+      targetOs: target.os,
+      targetArchitecture: target.architecture,
+      buildMode: buildMode,
+      linkModePreference: linkMode,
+      targetIOSSdk: targetIOSSdk,
+      cCompiler: cCompilerConfig,
+      dependencyMetadata: dependencyMetadata,
+      targetAndroidNdkApi: targetAndroidNdkApi,
+    );
+    final outDirUri = buildParentDir.resolve('$buildDirName/');
+    final outDir = Directory.fromUri(outDirUri);
+    if (!await outDir.exists()) {
+      // TODO(https://dartbug.com/50565): Purge old or unused folders.
+      await outDir.create(recursive: true);
+    }
+    return BuildConfig(
+      outDir: outDirUri,
+      packageRoot: packageRoot,
+      targetOs: target.os,
+      targetArchitecture: target.architecture,
+      buildMode: buildMode,
+      linkModePreference: linkMode,
+      targetIOSSdk: targetIOSSdk,
+      cCompiler: cCompilerConfig,
+      dependencyMetadata: dependencyMetadata,
+      targetAndroidNdkApi: targetAndroidNdkApi,
+    );
+  }
+
+  static Future<BuildConfig> _cliConfigDryRun({
+    required String packageName,
+    required Uri packageRoot,
+    required OS targetOs,
+    required LinkModePreference linkMode,
+    required Uri buildParentDir,
+  }) async {
+    final buildDirName = 'dry_run_${targetOs}_$linkMode';
+    final outDirUri = buildParentDir.resolve('$buildDirName/');
+    final outDir = Directory.fromUri(outDirUri);
+    if (!await outDir.exists()) {
+      await outDir.create(recursive: true);
+    }
+    return BuildConfig.dryRun(
+      outDir: outDirUri,
+      packageRoot: packageRoot,
+      targetOs: targetOs,
+      linkModePreference: linkMode,
+    );
+  }
+
+  DependencyMetadata? _metadataForPackage({
+    required PackageGraph packageGraph,
+    required String packageName,
+    DependencyMetadata? targetMetadata,
+  }) {
+    if (targetMetadata == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    final dependencies = packageGraph.neighborsOf(packageName).toSet();
+    return {
+      for (final entry in targetMetadata.entries)
+        if (dependencies.contains(entry.key)) entry.key: entry.value,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+extension on DateTime {
+  DateTime roundDownToSeconds() =>
+      DateTime.fromMillisecondsSinceEpoch(millisecondsSinceEpoch -
+          millisecondsSinceEpoch % Duration(seconds: 1).inMilliseconds);
+}
+
+extension on BuildConfig {
+  String get packageName =>
+      packageRoot.pathSegments.lastWhere((e) => e.isNotEmpty);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/package_layout/package_layout.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/package_layout/package_layout.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9f202db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/package_layout/package_layout.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:package_config/package_config.dart';
+
+/// Directory layout for dealing with native assets.
+///
+/// Build scripts for native assets will be run from the context of another
+/// root package.
+///
+/// The directory layout follows pub's convention for caching:
+/// https://dart.dev/tools/pub/package-layout#project-specific-caching-for-tools
+class PackageLayout {
+  /// The root folder of the current dart invocation root package.
+  ///
+  /// `$rootPackageRoot`.
+  final Uri rootPackageRoot;
+
+  /// Package config containing the information of where to foot the root [Uri]s
+  /// of other packages.
+  ///
+  /// Can be `null` to enable quick construction of a
+  /// [PackageLayout].
+  final PackageConfig packageConfig;
+
+  final Uri packageConfigUri;
+
+  PackageLayout._(
+      this.rootPackageRoot, this.packageConfig, this.packageConfigUri);
+
+  static Future<PackageLayout> fromRootPackageRoot(Uri rootPackageRoot) async {
+    rootPackageRoot = rootPackageRoot.normalizePath();
+    final packageConfigUri =
+        rootPackageRoot.resolve('.dart_tool/package_config.json');
+    assert(await File.fromUri(packageConfigUri).exists());
+    final packageConfig = await loadPackageConfigUri(packageConfigUri);
+    return PackageLayout._(rootPackageRoot, packageConfig, packageConfigUri);
+  }
+
+  /// The .dart_tool directory is used to store built artifacts and caches.
+  ///
+  /// `$rootPackageRoot/.dart_tool/`.
+  ///
+  /// Each package should only modify the subfolder of `.dart_tool/` with its
+  /// own name.
+  /// https://dart.dev/tools/pub/package-layout#project-specific-caching-for-tools
+  late final Uri dartTool = rootPackageRoot.resolve('.dart_tool/');
+
+  /// The directory where `package:native_assets_builder` stores all persistent
+  /// information.
+  ///
+  /// This folder is owned by `package:native_assets_builder`, no other package
+  /// should read or modify it.
+  /// https://dart.dev/tools/pub/package-layout#project-specific-caching-for-tools
+  ///
+  /// `$rootPackageRoot/.dart_tool/native_assets_builder/`.
+  late final Uri dartToolNativeAssetsBuilder =
+      dartTool.resolve('native_assets_builder/');
+
+  /// The root of `package:$packageName`.
+  ///
+  /// `$packageName/`.
+  ///
+  /// This folder is owned by pub, and should _never_ be written to.
+  Uri packageRoot(String packageName) {
+    final package = packageConfig[packageName];
+    if (package == null) {
+      throw StateError('Package $packageName not found in packageConfig.');
+    }
+    return package.root;
+  }
+
+  /// All packages in [packageConfig] with native assets.
+  ///
+  /// Whether a package has native assets is defined by whether it contains
+  /// a `build.dart`.
+  ///
+  /// `package:native` itself is excluded.
+  late final Future<List<Package>> packagesWithNativeAssets = () async {
+    final result = <Package>[];
+    for (final package in packageConfig.packages) {
+      final packageRoot = package.root;
+      if (packageRoot.scheme == 'file') {
+        if (await File.fromUri(packageRoot.resolve('build.dart')).exists()) {
+          result.add(package);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }();
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/utils/run_process.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/utils/run_process.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..550685062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/lib/src/utils/run_process.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:async';
+import 'dart:convert';
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+
+/// Runs a [Process].
+///
+/// If [logger] is provided, stream stdout and stderr to it.
+///
+/// If [captureOutput], captures stdout and stderr.
+// TODO(dacoharkes): Share between package:c_compiler and here.
+Future<RunProcessResult> runProcess({
+  required Uri executable,
+  List<String> arguments = const [],
+  Uri? workingDirectory,
+  Map<String, String>? environment,
+  bool includeParentEnvironment = true,
+  required Logger? logger,
+  bool captureOutput = true,
+  int expectedExitCode = 0,
+  bool throwOnUnexpectedExitCode = false,
+}) async {
+  if (Platform.isWindows && !includeParentEnvironment) {
+    const winEnvKeys = [
+      'SYSTEMROOT',
+    ];
+    environment = {
+      for (final winEnvKey in winEnvKeys)
+        winEnvKey: Platform.environment[winEnvKey]!,
+      ...?environment,
+    };
+  }
+
+  final printWorkingDir =
+      workingDirectory != null && workingDirectory != Directory.current.uri;
+  final commandString = [
+    if (printWorkingDir) '(cd ${workingDirectory.toFilePath()};',
+    ...?environment?.entries.map((entry) => '${entry.key}=${entry.value}'),
+    executable.toFilePath(),
+    ...arguments.map((a) => a.contains(' ') ? "'$a'" : a),
+    if (printWorkingDir) ')',
+  ].join(' ');
+  logger?.info('Running `$commandString`.');
+
+  final stdoutBuffer = StringBuffer();
+  final stderrBuffer = StringBuffer();
+  final process = await Process.start(
+    executable.toFilePath(),
+    arguments,
+    workingDirectory: workingDirectory?.toFilePath(),
+    environment: environment,
+    includeParentEnvironment: includeParentEnvironment,
+    runInShell: Platform.isWindows &&
+        (!includeParentEnvironment || workingDirectory != null),
+  );
+
+  final stdoutSub = process.stdout
+      .transform(utf8.decoder)
+      .transform(const LineSplitter())
+      .listen(captureOutput
+          ? (s) {
+              logger?.fine(s);
+              stdoutBuffer.writeln(s);
+            }
+          : logger?.fine);
+  final stderrSub = process.stderr
+      .transform(utf8.decoder)
+      .transform(const LineSplitter())
+      .listen(captureOutput
+          ? (s) {
+              logger?.severe(s);
+              stderrBuffer.writeln(s);
+            }
+          : logger?.severe);
+
+  final (exitCode, _, _) = await (
+    process.exitCode,
+    stdoutSub.asFuture<void>(),
+    stderrSub.asFuture<void>()
+  ).wait;
+  final result = RunProcessResult(
+    pid: process.pid,
+    command: commandString,
+    exitCode: exitCode,
+    stdout: stdoutBuffer.toString(),
+    stderr: stderrBuffer.toString(),
+  );
+  if (throwOnUnexpectedExitCode && expectedExitCode != exitCode) {
+    throw ProcessException(
+      executable.toFilePath(),
+      arguments,
+      "Full command string: '$commandString'.\n"
+      "Exit code: '$exitCode'.\n"
+      'For the output of the process check the logger output.',
+    );
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+/// Drop in replacement of [ProcessResult].
+class RunProcessResult {
+  final int pid;
+
+  final String command;
+
+  final int exitCode;
+
+  final String stderr;
+
+  final String stdout;
+
+  RunProcessResult({
+    required this.pid,
+    required this.command,
+    required this.exitCode,
+    required this.stderr,
+    required this.stdout,
+  });
+
+  @override
+  String toString() => '''command: $command
+exitCode: $exitCode
+stdout: $stdout
+stderr: $stderr''';
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c071759d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+name: native_assets_builder
+description: This package is the backend that invokes toplevel `build.dart` scripts.
+version: 0.1.0-dev
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  graphs: ^2.3.1
+  logging: ^1.2.0
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../native_assets_cli/
+  package_config: ^2.1.0
+
+dev_dependencies:
+  dart_flutter_team_lints: ^1.0.0
+  test: ^1.24.3
+  yaml: ^3.1.2
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_dependencies_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_dependencies_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49787a613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_dependencies_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('dart_app build dependencies', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('dart_app/');
+
+      // First, run `pub get`, we need pub to resolve our dependencies.
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      // Trigger a build, should invoke build for libraries with native assets.
+      {
+        final logMessages = <String>[];
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable,
+            capturedLogs: logMessages);
+        expect(
+            logMessages.join('\n'),
+            stringContainsInOrder([
+              'native_add${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart',
+              'native_subtract${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart'
+            ]));
+        expect(assets.length, 2);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_planner_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_planner_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9b920d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_planner_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:native_assets_builder/native_assets_builder.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_builder/src/build_runner/build_planner.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+void main() async {
+  test('build dependency graph from pub', () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final nativeAddUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      // First, run `pub get`, we need pub to resolve our dependencies.
+      await runPubGet(workingDirectory: nativeAddUri, logger: logger);
+
+      final result = await runProcess(
+        executable: Uri.file(Platform.resolvedExecutable),
+        arguments: [
+          'pub',
+          'deps',
+          '--json',
+        ],
+        workingDirectory: nativeAddUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+      expect(result.exitCode, 0);
+
+      final graph = PackageGraph.fromPubDepsJsonString(result.stdout);
+
+      final packageLayout =
+          await PackageLayout.fromRootPackageRoot(nativeAddUri);
+      final packagesWithNativeAssets =
+          await packageLayout.packagesWithNativeAssets;
+
+      final planner = NativeAssetsBuildPlanner(
+        packageGraph: graph,
+        packagesWithNativeAssets: packagesWithNativeAssets,
+        dartExecutable: Uri.file(Platform.resolvedExecutable),
+      );
+      final buildPlan = planner.plan();
+      expect(buildPlan.length, 1);
+      expect(buildPlan.single.name, 'native_add');
+    });
+  });
+  test('build dependency graph fromPackageRoot', () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final nativeAddUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      // First, run `pub get`, we need pub to resolve our dependencies.
+      await runPubGet(workingDirectory: nativeAddUri, logger: logger);
+
+      final packageLayout =
+          await PackageLayout.fromRootPackageRoot(nativeAddUri);
+      final packagesWithNativeAssets =
+          await packageLayout.packagesWithNativeAssets;
+      final buildPlan = (await NativeAssetsBuildPlanner.fromRootPackageRoot(
+        rootPackageRoot: nativeAddUri,
+        packagesWithNativeAssets: packagesWithNativeAssets,
+        dartExecutable: Uri.file(Platform.resolvedExecutable),
+      ))
+          .plan();
+      expect(buildPlan.length, 1);
+      expect(buildPlan.single.name, 'native_add');
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_caching_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_caching_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c9332098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_caching_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('cached build', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      {
+        final logMessages = <String>[];
+        await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable,
+            capturedLogs: logMessages);
+        expect(
+            logMessages.join('\n'),
+            stringContainsInOrder(
+                ['native_add${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart']));
+      }
+
+      {
+        final logMessages = <String>[];
+        await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable,
+            capturedLogs: logMessages);
+        expect(logMessages.join('\n'),
+            stringContainsInOrder(['Skipping build for native_add']));
+        expect(
+            false,
+            logMessages
+                .join('\n')
+                .contains('native_add${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart'));
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('modify C file', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      {
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable);
+        await expectSymbols(asset: assets.single, symbols: ['add']);
+      }
+
+      await copyTestProjects(
+        sourceUri: testDataUri.resolve('native_add_add_symbol/'),
+        targetUri: packageUri,
+      );
+
+      {
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable);
+        await expectSymbols(asset: assets.single, symbols: ['add', 'subtract']);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('add C file, modify script', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      await runPubGet(workingDirectory: packageUri, logger: logger);
+
+      {
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable);
+        await expectSymbols(asset: assets.single, symbols: ['add']);
+      }
+
+      await copyTestProjects(
+          sourceUri: testDataUri.resolve('native_add_add_source/'),
+          targetUri: packageUri);
+
+      {
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable);
+        await expectSymbols(asset: assets.single, symbols: ['add', 'multiply']);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_dry_run_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_dry_run_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..964a037d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_dry_run_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('dry_run', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      final dryRunAssets = (await dryRun(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable))
+          .where((element) => element.target == Target.current)
+          .toList();
+      final buildAssets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable);
+
+      expect(dryRunAssets.length, buildAssets.length);
+      for (var i = 0; i < dryRunAssets.length; i++) {
+        final dryRunAsset = dryRunAssets[0];
+        final buildAsset = buildAssets[0];
+        expect(dryRunAsset.linkMode, buildAsset.linkMode);
+        expect(dryRunAsset.name, buildAsset.name);
+        expect(dryRunAsset.target, buildAsset.target);
+        // The target folders are different, so the paths are different.
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_failure_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_failure_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe2d32ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_failure_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('break build', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      {
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable);
+        expect(assets.length, 1);
+        await expectSymbols(asset: assets.single, symbols: ['add']);
+      }
+
+      await copyTestProjects(
+        sourceUri: testDataUri.resolve('native_add_break_build/'),
+        targetUri: packageUri,
+      );
+
+      {
+        var buildFailed = false;
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable)
+            .onError((error, stackTrace) {
+          buildFailed = true;
+          return [];
+        });
+        expect(buildFailed, true);
+        expect(assets, <Asset>[]);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_run_in_isolation_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_run_in_isolation_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05b0c122d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_run_in_isolation_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  String unparseKey(String key) => key.replaceAll('.', '__').toUpperCase();
+  final arKey = unparseKey(CCompilerConfig.arConfigKeyFull);
+  final ccKey = unparseKey(CCompilerConfig.ccConfigKeyFull);
+  final ldKey = unparseKey(CCompilerConfig.ldConfigKeyFull);
+  final envScriptKey = unparseKey(CCompilerConfig.envScriptConfigKeyFull);
+  final envScriptArgsKey =
+      unparseKey(CCompilerConfig.envScriptArgsConfigKeyFull);
+
+  final cc = Platform.environment[ccKey]?.fileUri;
+
+  if (cc == null) {
+    // We don't set any compiler paths on the GitHub CI.
+    // We neither set compiler paths on MacOS on the Dart SDK CI
+    // in pkg/test_runner/lib/src/configuration.dart
+    // nativeCompilerEnvironmentVariables.
+    //
+    // We could potentially run this test if we default to some compilers
+    // we find on the path before running the test. However, the logic for
+    // discovering compilers is currently hidden inside package:c_compiler.
+    return;
+  }
+
+  test('run in isolation', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      await runPubGet(workingDirectory: packageUri, logger: logger);
+
+      printOnFailure(
+          'Platform.environment[ccKey]: ${Platform.environment[ccKey]}');
+      printOnFailure('cc: $cc');
+
+      final assets = await build(
+        packageUri,
+        logger,
+        dartExecutable,
+        // Manually pass in a compiler.
+        cCompilerConfig: CCompilerConfig(
+          ar: Platform.environment[arKey]?.fileUri,
+          cc: cc,
+          envScript: Platform.environment[envScriptKey]?.fileUri,
+          envScriptArgs: Platform.environment[envScriptArgsKey]?.split(' '),
+          ld: Platform.environment[ldKey]?.fileUri,
+        ),
+        // Prevent any other environment variables.
+        includeParentEnvironment: false,
+      );
+      expect(assets.length, 1);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+extension on String {
+  Uri get fileUri => Uri.file(this);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6c1233e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/build_runner_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('native_add build', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      // First, run `pub get`, we need pub to resolve our dependencies.
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      // Trigger a build, should invoke build for libraries with native assets.
+      {
+        final logMessages = <String>[];
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable,
+            capturedLogs: logMessages);
+        expect(
+            logMessages.join('\n'),
+            stringContainsInOrder(
+                ['native_add${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart']));
+        expect(assets.length, 1);
+      }
+
+      // Trigger a build, should not invoke anything.
+      {
+        final logMessages = <String>[];
+        final assets = await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable,
+            capturedLogs: logMessages);
+        expect(
+            false,
+            logMessages
+                .join('\n')
+                .contains('native_add${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart'));
+        expect(assets.length, 1);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/helpers.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/helpers.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0f097d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/helpers.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:async';
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_builder/native_assets_builder.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+
+Future<void> runPubGet({
+  required Uri workingDirectory,
+  required Logger logger,
+}) async {
+  final result = await runProcess(
+    executable: Uri.file(Platform.resolvedExecutable),
+    arguments: ['pub', '--no-analytics', 'get'],
+    workingDirectory: workingDirectory,
+    logger: logger,
+  );
+  expect(result.exitCode, 0);
+}
+
+Future<List<Asset>> build(
+  Uri packageUri,
+  Logger logger,
+  Uri dartExecutable, {
+  LinkModePreference linkModePreference = LinkModePreference.dynamic,
+  CCompilerConfig? cCompilerConfig,
+  bool includeParentEnvironment = true,
+  List<String>? capturedLogs,
+}) async {
+  StreamSubscription<LogRecord>? subscription;
+  if (capturedLogs != null) {
+    subscription =
+        logger.onRecord.listen((event) => capturedLogs.add(event.message));
+  }
+
+  final assets = await NativeAssetsBuildRunner(
+    logger: logger,
+    dartExecutable: dartExecutable,
+  ).build(
+    buildMode: BuildMode.release,
+    linkModePreference: linkModePreference,
+    target: Target.current,
+    workingDirectory: packageUri,
+    cCompilerConfig: cCompilerConfig,
+    includeParentEnvironment: includeParentEnvironment,
+  );
+  await expectAssetsExist(assets);
+
+  if (subscription != null) {
+    await subscription.cancel();
+  }
+
+  return assets;
+}
+
+Future<List<Asset>> dryRun(
+  Uri packageUri,
+  Logger logger,
+  Uri dartExecutable, {
+  LinkModePreference linkModePreference = LinkModePreference.dynamic,
+  CCompilerConfig? cCompilerConfig,
+  bool includeParentEnvironment = true,
+  List<String>? capturedLogs,
+}) async {
+  StreamSubscription<LogRecord>? subscription;
+  if (capturedLogs != null) {
+    subscription =
+        logger.onRecord.listen((event) => capturedLogs.add(event.message));
+  }
+
+  final assets = await NativeAssetsBuildRunner(
+    logger: logger,
+    dartExecutable: dartExecutable,
+  ).dryRun(
+    linkModePreference: linkModePreference,
+    targetOs: Target.current.os,
+    workingDirectory: packageUri,
+    includeParentEnvironment: includeParentEnvironment,
+  );
+
+  if (subscription != null) {
+    await subscription.cancel();
+  }
+
+  return assets;
+}
+
+Future<void> expectAssetsExist(List<Asset> assets) async {
+  for (final asset in assets) {
+    final uri = (asset.path as AssetAbsolutePath).uri;
+    expect(
+        uri.toFilePath(),
+        contains('${Platform.pathSeparator}.dart_tool${Platform.pathSeparator}'
+            'native_assets_builder${Platform.pathSeparator}'));
+    final file = File.fromUri(uri);
+    expect(await file.exists(), true);
+  }
+}
+
+Future<void> expectSymbols({
+  required Asset asset,
+  required List<String> symbols,
+}) async {
+  if (Platform.isLinux) {
+    final assetUri = (asset.path as AssetAbsolutePath).uri;
+    final nmResult = await runProcess(
+      executable: Uri(path: 'nm'),
+      arguments: [
+        '-D',
+        assetUri.toFilePath(),
+      ],
+      logger: logger,
+    );
+
+    expect(
+      nmResult.stdout,
+      stringContainsInOrder(symbols),
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/metadata_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/metadata_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12e9461f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/metadata_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('get dependency metadata', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('package_reading_metadata/');
+
+      // First, run `pub get`, we need pub to resolve our dependencies.
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      // Trigger a build, should invoke build for libraries with native assets.
+      {
+        final logMessages = <String>[];
+        await build(packageUri, logger, dartExecutable,
+            capturedLogs: logMessages);
+        expect(
+            logMessages.join('\n'),
+            stringContainsInOrder([
+              'package_with_metadata${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart',
+              'package_reading_metadata${Platform.pathSeparator}build.dart',
+              '{some_int: 3, some_key: some_value}',
+            ]));
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/packaging_preference_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/packaging_preference_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..006c4c3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/build_runner/packaging_preference_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+import '../helpers.dart';
+import 'helpers.dart';
+
+const Timeout longTimeout = Timeout(Duration(minutes: 5));
+
+void main() async {
+  test('link mode preference', timeout: longTimeout, () async {
+    await inTempDir((tempUri) async {
+      await copyTestProjects(targetUri: tempUri);
+      final packageUri = tempUri.resolve('native_add/');
+
+      // First, run `pub get`, we need pub to resolve our dependencies.
+      await runPubGet(
+        workingDirectory: packageUri,
+        logger: logger,
+      );
+
+      final assetsDynamic = await build(
+        packageUri,
+        logger,
+        dartExecutable,
+        linkModePreference: LinkModePreference.dynamic,
+      );
+
+      final assetsPreferDynamic = await build(
+        packageUri,
+        logger,
+        dartExecutable,
+        linkModePreference: LinkModePreference.preferDynamic,
+      );
+
+      final assetsStatic = await build(
+        packageUri,
+        logger,
+        dartExecutable,
+        linkModePreference: LinkModePreference.static,
+      );
+
+      final assetsPreferStatic = await build(
+        packageUri,
+        logger,
+        dartExecutable,
+        linkModePreference: LinkModePreference.preferStatic,
+      );
+
+      // This package honors preferences.
+      expect(assetsDynamic.single.linkMode, LinkMode.dynamic);
+      expect(assetsPreferDynamic.single.linkMode, LinkMode.dynamic);
+      expect(assetsStatic.single.linkMode, LinkMode.static);
+      expect(assetsPreferStatic.single.linkMode, LinkMode.static);
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/README.md b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..311839a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+The `dart_app` depends on multiple packages with native assets.
+
+`manifest.yaml` contains a list of all the files of the test projects.
+This is used to copy the test projects to temporary folders when running tests,
+to prevent tests accidentally using temporary files or interferring with each
+other.
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/.gitignore b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a9e6b870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+.dart_tool
+bin/dart_app/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/bin/dart_app.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/bin/dart_app.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e9dc84b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/bin/dart_app.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:native_add/native_add.dart';
+import 'package:native_subtract/native_subtract.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  testNativeAdd();
+  testNativeSubtract();
+}
+
+void testNativeAdd() {
+  final answer = add(5, 6);
+  if (answer != 5 + 6) {
+    throw 'Wrong answer';
+  }
+  print('add(5, 6) = $answer');
+}
+
+void testNativeSubtract() {
+  final answer = subtract(5, 6);
+  if (answer != 5 - 6) {
+    throw 'Wrong answer';
+  }
+  print('subtract(5, 6) = $answer');
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52fa0164a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/dart_app/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: dart_app
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  native_add:
+    path: ../native_add
+  native_subtract:
+    path: ../native_subtract
+
+dependency_overrides:
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/manifest.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/manifest.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea2c3a1f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/manifest.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# The list of files to copy to a temporary folder to ensure running tests from
+# a completely clean setup.
+- dart_app/bin/dart_app.dart
+- dart_app/pubspec.yaml
+- native_add/build.dart
+- native_add/ffigen.yaml
+- native_add/lib/native_add.dart
+- native_add/lib/src/native_add_bindings_generated.dart
+- native_add/lib/src/native_add.dart
+- native_add/pubspec.yaml
+- native_add/src/native_add.c
+- native_add/src/native_add.h
+- native_add/test/native_add_test.dart
+- native_subtract/build.dart
+- native_subtract/ffigen.yaml
+- native_subtract/lib/native_subtract.dart
+- native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract_bindings_generated.dart
+- native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract.dart
+- native_subtract/pubspec.yaml
+- native_subtract/src/native_subtract.c
+- native_subtract/src/native_subtract.h
+- package_reading_metadata/build.dart
+- package_reading_metadata/pubspec.yaml
+- package_with_metadata/build.dart
+- package_with_metadata/pubspec.yaml
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/build.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/build.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f9f43f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/build.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:c_compiler/c_compiler.dart';
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+
+const packageName = 'native_add';
+
+void main(List<String> args) async {
+  final buildConfig = await BuildConfig.fromArgs(args);
+  final buildOutput = BuildOutput();
+  final cbuilder = CBuilder.library(
+    name: packageName,
+    assetName:
+        'package:$packageName/src/${packageName}_bindings_generated.dart',
+    sources: [
+      'src/$packageName.c',
+    ],
+  );
+  await cbuilder.run(
+    buildConfig: buildConfig,
+    buildOutput: buildOutput,
+    logger: Logger('')
+      ..level = Level.ALL
+      ..onRecord.listen((record) {
+        print('${record.level.name}: ${record.time}: ${record.message}');
+      }),
+  );
+  await buildOutput.writeToFile(outDir: buildConfig.outDir);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/ffigen.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/ffigen.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8716bd2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/ffigen.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Run with `flutter pub run ffigen --config ffigen.yaml`.
+name: NativeAddBindings
+description: |
+  Bindings for `src/native_add.h`.
+
+  Regenerate bindings with `flutter pub run ffigen --config ffigen.yaml`.
+output: "lib/src/native_add_bindings_generated.dart"
+headers:
+  entry-points:
+    - "src/native_add.h"
+  include-directives:
+    - "src/native_add.h"
+preamble: |
+  // Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+  // for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+  // BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+comments:
+  style: any
+  length: full
+ffi-native:
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/native_add.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/native_add.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9eda681ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/native_add.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+export 'src/native_add.dart';
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/src/native_add.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/src/native_add.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d0509168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/src/native_add.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'native_add_bindings_generated.dart' as bindings;
+
+// TODO(dacoharkes): This will fail lookup until the Dart SDK consumes the
+// output of `build.dart`.
+int add(int a, int b) => bindings.add(a, b);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/src/native_add_bindings_generated.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/src/native_add_bindings_generated.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d1e803aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/lib/src/native_add_bindings_generated.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// AUTO GENERATED FILE, DO NOT EDIT.
+//
+// Generated by `package:ffigen`.
+// ignore_for_file: type=lint
+import 'dart:ffi' as ffi;
+
+@ffi.Native<ffi.Int32 Function(ffi.Int32, ffi.Int32)>(symbol: 'add')
+external int add(
+  int a,
+  int b,
+);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d63014858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: native_add
+description: Sums two numbers with native code.
+version: 0.1.0
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  c_compiler:
+    path: ../../../../c_compiler/
+  cli_config: ^0.1.1
+  logging: ^1.1.1
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
+
+dev_dependencies:
+  ffigen: ^8.0.2
+  lints: ^2.0.0
+  test: ^1.23.1
+
+dependency_overrides:
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/src/native_add.c b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/src/native_add.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf21076d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/src/native_add.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "native_add.h"
+
+int32_t add(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
+   return a + b;
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/src/native_add.h b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/src/native_add.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5824f98a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/src/native_add.h
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#if _WIN32
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT int32_t add(int32_t a, int32_t b);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/test/native_add_test.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/test/native_add_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7531a6209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add/test/native_add_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:native_add/native_add.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  test('native add test', () {
+    final result = add(4, 6);
+    expect(result, equals(10));
+  });
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/README.md b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a1b8071e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Used in automated testing to modify the native_add project.
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/build.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/build.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a6b3f2ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/build.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:c_compiler/c_compiler.dart';
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+
+const packageName = 'native_add';
+
+void main(List<String> args) async {
+  final buildConfig = await BuildConfig.fromArgs(args);
+  final buildOutput = BuildOutput();
+  final cbuilder = CBuilder.library(
+    name: packageName,
+    assetName:
+        'package:$packageName/src/${packageName}_bindings_generated.dart',
+    sources: [
+      'src/$packageName.c',
+      'src/native_multiply.c',
+    ],
+  );
+  await cbuilder.run(
+    buildConfig: buildConfig,
+    buildOutput: buildOutput,
+    logger: Logger('')
+      ..level = Level.ALL
+      ..onRecord.listen((record) {
+        print('${record.level.name}: ${record.time}: ${record.message}');
+      }),
+  );
+  await buildOutput.writeToFile(outDir: buildConfig.outDir);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/manifest.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/manifest.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f90bc1ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/manifest.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- build.dart
+- src/native_multiply.c
+- src/native_multiply.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d63014858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: native_add
+description: Sums two numbers with native code.
+version: 0.1.0
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  c_compiler:
+    path: ../../../../c_compiler/
+  cli_config: ^0.1.1
+  logging: ^1.1.1
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
+
+dev_dependencies:
+  ffigen: ^8.0.2
+  lints: ^2.0.0
+  test: ^1.23.1
+
+dependency_overrides:
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/src/native_multiply.c b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/src/native_multiply.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7801f65f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/src/native_multiply.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "native_multiply.h"
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT intptr_t multiply(intptr_t a, intptr_t b) {
+  return a * b;
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/src/native_multiply.h b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/src/native_multiply.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..082757175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_source/src/native_multiply.h
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#if _WIN32
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT intptr_t multiply(intptr_t a, intptr_t b);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/README.md b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a1b8071e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Used in automated testing to modify the native_add project.
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/manifest.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/manifest.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a6b5a433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/manifest.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- src/native_add.c
+- src/native_add.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/src/native_add.c b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/src/native_add.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a493add38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/src/native_add.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "native_add.h"
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT int32_t add(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
+   return a + b;
+}
+
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT intptr_t subtract(intptr_t a, intptr_t b) {
+  return a - b;
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/src/native_add.h b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/src/native_add.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37d53b6fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_add_symbol/src/native_add.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#if _WIN32
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT int32_t add(int32_t a, int32_t b);
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT intptr_t subtract(intptr_t a, intptr_t b);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/README.md b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a1b8071e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Used in automated testing to modify the native_add project.
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/manifest.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/manifest.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea69afd53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/manifest.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+- src/native_add.c
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/src/native_add.c b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/src/native_add.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba06d8bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_add_break_build/src/native_add.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "native_add.h"
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT int32_t add(int32_t different_parameters) {
+   return a + b;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/build.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/build.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f1b36d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/build.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:c_compiler/c_compiler.dart';
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+
+const packageName = 'native_subtract';
+
+void main(List<String> args) async {
+  final buildConfig = await BuildConfig.fromArgs(args);
+  final buildOutput = BuildOutput();
+  final cbuilder = CBuilder.library(
+    name: packageName,
+    assetName:
+        'package:$packageName/src/${packageName}_bindings_generated.dart',
+    sources: [
+      'src/$packageName.c',
+    ],
+  );
+  await cbuilder.run(
+    buildConfig: buildConfig,
+    buildOutput: buildOutput,
+    logger: Logger('')
+      ..level = Level.ALL
+      ..onRecord.listen((record) {
+        print('${record.level.name}: ${record.time}: ${record.message}');
+      }),
+  );
+  await buildOutput.writeToFile(outDir: buildConfig.outDir);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/ffigen.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/ffigen.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f79dbe5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/ffigen.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Run with `flutter pub run ffigen --config ffigen.yaml`.
+name: NativeAddBindings
+description: |
+  Bindings for `src/native_subtract.h`.
+
+  Regenerate bindings with `flutter pub run ffigen --config ffigen.yaml`.
+output: "lib/src/native_subtract_bindings_generated.dart"
+headers:
+  entry-points:
+    - "src/native_subtract.h"
+  include-directives:
+    - "src/native_subtract.h"
+preamble: |
+  // Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+  // for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+  // BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+comments:
+  style: any
+  length: full
+ffi-native:
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/native_subtract.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/native_subtract.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2831561e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/native_subtract.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+export 'src/native_subtract.dart';
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2068d24e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'native_subtract_bindings_generated.dart' as bindings;
+
+// TODO(dacoharkes): This will fail lookup until the Dart SDK consumes the
+// output of `build.dart`.
+int subtract(int a, int b) => bindings.subtract(a, b);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract_bindings_generated.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract_bindings_generated.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a952fec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/lib/src/native_subtract_bindings_generated.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// AUTO GENERATED FILE, DO NOT EDIT.
+//
+// Generated by `package:ffigen`.
+// ignore_for_file: type=lint
+import 'dart:ffi' as ffi;
+
+@ffi.Native<ffi.Int32 Function(ffi.Int32, ffi.Int32)>(symbol: 'subtract')
+external int subtract(
+  int a,
+  int b,
+);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..173d655e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: native_subtract
+description: Subtracts two numbers with native code.
+version: 0.1.0
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  c_compiler:
+    path: ../../../../c_compiler/
+  cli_config: ^0.1.1
+  logging: ^1.1.1
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
+
+dev_dependencies:
+  ffigen: ^8.0.2
+  lints: ^2.0.0
+  test: ^1.23.1
+
+dependency_overrides:
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/src/native_subtract.c b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/src/native_subtract.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6562ae6aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/src/native_subtract.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "native_subtract.h"
+
+int32_t subtract(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
+   return a - b;
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/src/native_subtract.h b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/src/native_subtract.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..407fc5d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/native_subtract/src/native_subtract.h
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#if _WIN32
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define MYLIB_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+MYLIB_EXPORT int32_t subtract(int32_t a, int32_t b);
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_reading_metadata/build.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_reading_metadata/build.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..850d3d34c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_reading_metadata/build.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:cli_config/cli_config.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+
+void main(List<String> args) async {
+  final config = await Config.fromArgs(args: args);
+  final buildConfig = BuildConfig.fromConfig(config);
+  final metadata =
+      buildConfig.dependencyMetadata!['package_with_metadata']!.metadata;
+  final someValue = metadata['some_key'];
+  assert(someValue != null);
+  final someInt = metadata['some_int'];
+  assert(someInt != null);
+  print(metadata);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_reading_metadata/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_reading_metadata/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7f7b5b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_reading_metadata/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+name: package_reading_metadata
+description: Reads some metadata in its build.dart
+version: 0.1.0
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  cli_config: ^0.1.1
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
+  package_with_metadata:
+    path: ../package_with_metadata/
+  yaml: ^3.1.1
+  yaml_edit: ^2.1.0
+
+dev_dependencies:
+  lints: ^2.0.0
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_with_metadata/build.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_with_metadata/build.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c30d4b574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_with_metadata/build.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:native_assets_cli/native_assets_cli.dart';
+
+const packageName = 'native_add';
+
+void main(List<String> args) async {
+  final buildConfig = await BuildConfig.fromArgs(args);
+  final buildOutput = BuildOutput(
+    metadata: Metadata({
+      'some_key': 'some_value',
+      'some_int': 3,
+    }),
+  );
+  await buildOutput.writeToFile(outDir: buildConfig.outDir);
+}
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_with_metadata/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_with_metadata/pubspec.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0772cfc2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/data/package_with_metadata/pubspec.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: package_with_metadata
+description: Sets some metadata in its build.dart
+version: 0.1.0
+
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
+
+dependencies:
+  cli_config: ^0.1.1
+  native_assets_cli:
+    path: ../../../../native_assets_cli/
+  yaml: ^3.1.1
+  yaml_edit: ^2.1.0
+
+dev_dependencies:
+  lints: ^2.0.0
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/helpers.dart b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/helpers.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..563a921d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_builder/test/helpers.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'dart:async';
+import 'dart:io';
+
+import 'package:logging/logging.dart';
+import 'package:native_assets_builder/src/utils/run_process.dart'
+    as run_process;
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+import 'package:yaml/yaml.dart';
+
+extension UriExtension on Uri {
+  Uri get parent => File(toFilePath()).parent.uri;
+}
+
+const keepTempKey = 'KEEP_TEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES';
+
+Future<void> inTempDir(
+  Future<void> Function(Uri tempUri) fun, {
+  String? prefix,
+  bool keepTemp = false,
+}) async {
+  final tempDir = await Directory.systemTemp.createTemp(prefix);
+  // Deal with Windows temp folder aliases.
+  final tempUri =
+      Directory(await tempDir.resolveSymbolicLinks()).uri.normalizePath();
+  try {
+    await fun(tempUri);
+  } finally {
+    if ((!Platform.environment.containsKey(keepTempKey) ||
+            Platform.environment[keepTempKey]!.isEmpty) &&
+        !keepTemp) {
+      await tempDir.delete(recursive: true);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Runs a [Process].
+///
+/// If [logger] is provided, stream stdout and stderr to it.
+///
+/// If [captureOutput], captures stdout and stderr.
+Future<run_process.RunProcessResult> runProcess({
+  required Uri executable,
+  List<String> arguments = const [],
+  Uri? workingDirectory,
+  Map<String, String>? environment,
+  bool includeParentEnvironment = true,
+  required Logger? logger,
+  bool captureOutput = true,
+  int expectedExitCode = 0,
+  bool throwOnUnexpectedExitCode = false,
+}) =>
+    run_process.runProcess(
+      executable: executable,
+      arguments: arguments,
+      workingDirectory: workingDirectory,
+      environment: environment,
+      includeParentEnvironment: includeParentEnvironment,
+      logger: logger,
+      captureOutput: captureOutput,
+      expectedExitCode: expectedExitCode,
+      throwOnUnexpectedExitCode: throwOnUnexpectedExitCode,
+    );
+
+/// Test files are run in a variety of ways, find this package root in all.
+///
+/// Test files can be run from source from any working directory. The Dart SDK
+/// `tools/test.py` runs them from the root of the SDK for example.
+///
+/// Test files can be run from dill from the root of package. `package:test`
+/// does this.
+///
+/// https://github.com/dart-lang/test/issues/110
+Uri findPackageRoot(String packageName) {
+  final script = Platform.script;
+  final fileName = script.name;
+  if (fileName.endsWith('_test.dart')) {
+    // We're likely running from source.
+    var directory = script.resolve('.');
+    while (true) {
+      final dirName = directory.name;
+      if (dirName == packageName) {
+        return directory;
+      }
+      final parent = directory.resolve('..');
+      if (parent == directory) break;
+      directory = parent;
+    }
+  } else if (fileName.endsWith('.dill')) {
+    final cwd = Directory.current.uri;
+    final dirName = cwd.name;
+    if (dirName == packageName) {
+      return cwd;
+    }
+  }
+  throw StateError("Could not find package root for package '$packageName'. "
+      'Tried finding the package root via Platform.script '
+      "'${Platform.script.toFilePath()}' and Directory.current "
+      "'${Directory.current.uri.toFilePath()}'.");
+}
+
+final pkgNativeAssetsBuilderUri = findPackageRoot('native_assets_builder');
+
+final testDataUri = pkgNativeAssetsBuilderUri.resolve('test/data/');
+
+extension on Uri {
+  String get name => pathSegments.where((e) => e != '').last;
+}
+
+Future<void> copyTestProjects({
+  Uri? sourceUri,
+  required Uri targetUri,
+}) async {
+  sourceUri ??= testDataUri;
+  final manifestUri = sourceUri.resolve('manifest.yaml');
+  final manifestFile = File.fromUri(manifestUri);
+  final manifestString = await manifestFile.readAsString();
+  final manifestYaml = loadYamlDocument(manifestString);
+  final manifest = [
+    for (final path in manifestYaml.contents as YamlList)
+      Uri(path: path as String)
+  ];
+  final filesToCopy =
+      manifest.where((e) => e.pathSegments.last != 'pubspec.yaml').toList();
+  final filesToModify =
+      manifest.where((e) => e.pathSegments.last == 'pubspec.yaml').toList();
+
+  for (final pathToCopy in filesToCopy) {
+    final sourceFile = File.fromUri(sourceUri.resolveUri(pathToCopy));
+    final targetFileUri = targetUri.resolveUri(pathToCopy);
+    final targetDirUri = targetFileUri.parent;
+    final targetDir = Directory.fromUri(targetDirUri);
+    if (!(await targetDir.exists())) {
+      await targetDir.create(recursive: true);
+    }
+
+    // Copying files on MacOS and Windows preserves the source timestamps.
+    // The builder will use the cached build if the timestamps are equal.
+    // So just write the file instead.
+    final targetFile = File.fromUri(targetFileUri);
+    await targetFile.writeAsBytes(await sourceFile.readAsBytes());
+  }
+  for (final pathToModify in filesToModify) {
+    final sourceFile = File.fromUri(sourceUri.resolveUri(pathToModify));
+    final targetFileUri = targetUri.resolveUri(pathToModify);
+    final sourceString = await sourceFile.readAsString();
+    final modifiedString = sourceString.replaceAll(
+      'path: ../../../',
+      'path: ${pkgNativeAssetsBuilderUri.toFilePath().replaceAll('\\', '/')}',
+    );
+    await File.fromUri(targetFileUri)
+        .writeAsString(modifiedString, flush: true);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Logger that outputs the full trace when a test fails.
+final logger = Logger('')
+  ..level = Level.ALL
+  ..onRecord.listen((record) {
+    printOnFailure('${record.level.name}: ${record.time}: ${record.message}');
+  });
+
+final dartExecutable = File(Platform.resolvedExecutable).uri;
diff --git a/pkgs/native_assets_cli/example/native_add/pubspec.yaml b/pkgs/native_assets_cli/example/native_add/pubspec.yaml
index 9737caed3..b7afb62b3 100644
--- a/pkgs/native_assets_cli/example/native_add/pubspec.yaml
+++ b/pkgs/native_assets_cli/example/native_add/pubspec.yaml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ version: 0.1.0
 repository: https://github.com/dart-lang/native/tree/main/pkgs/native_assets_cli/example/native_add
 
 environment:
-  sdk: ">=3.0.0 <4.0.0"
+  sdk: '>=3.0.0 <4.0.0'
 
 dependencies:
   c_compiler: