Add a function for SQL EXISTS expressions.

While this is useful for some cases where you don't want to load the
rows, this won't fill every use case for the expression, as right now
you wouldn't be able to build a query that references the outer table.
For us to do that and have it be type safe we'd need overlapping impls
for `SelectableExpression` (story of my life), which requires
rust-lang/rust#29864 being implemented.

Fixes #414.

Author: sgrif

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@ for Rust libraries in [RFC #1105](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/
 
 [insert]: http://docs.diesel.rs/diesel/fn.insert.html
 
+* Added a function for SQL `EXISTS` expressions. See
+  [`diesel::expression::dsl::exists`][exists] for details.
+
+[exists]: http://docs.diesel.rs/diesel/expression/dsl/fn.sql.html
+
 ### Changed
 
 * All macros with the same name as traits we can derive (e.g. `Queryable!`) have

diesel/src/expression/exists.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use backend::Backend;
+use expression::{Expression, SelectableExpression, NonAggregate};
+use query_builder::*;
+use result::QueryResult;
+use types::Bool;
+
+/// Creates a SQL `EXISTS` expression.
+///
+/// The argument must be a complete SQL query. The result of this could in
+/// theory be passed to `.filter`, but since the query cannot reference columns
+/// from the outer query, this is of limited usefulness.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # #[macro_use] extern crate diesel;
+/// # include!("src/doctest_setup.rs");
+/// #
+/// # table! {
+/// #     users {
+/// #         id -> Integer,
+/// #         name -> VarChar,
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// #
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     use self::users::dsl::*;
+/// #     use diesel::select;
+/// #     use diesel::expression::dsl::exists;
+/// #     let connection = establish_connection();
+/// let sean_exists = select(exists(users.filter(name.eq("Sean"))))
+///     .get_result(&connection);
+/// let jim_exists = select(exists(users.filter(name.eq("Jim"))))
+///     .get_result(&connection);
+/// assert_eq!(Ok(true), sean_exists);
+/// assert_eq!(Ok(false), jim_exists);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+pub fn exists<T: AsQuery>(query: T) -> Exists<T::Query> {
+    Exists(query.as_query())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Exists<T>(T);
+
+impl<T> Expression for Exists<T> where
+    T: Query,
+{
+    type SqlType = Bool;
+}
+
+impl<T, QS> SelectableExpression<QS> for Exists<T> where
+    Exists<T>: Expression,
+{
+}
+
+impl<T> NonAggregate for Exists<T> {
+}
+
+impl<T, DB> QueryFragment<DB> for Exists<T> where
+    DB: Backend,
+    T: QueryFragment<DB>,
+{
+    fn to_sql(&self, out: &mut DB::QueryBuilder) -> BuildQueryResult {
+        out.push_sql("EXISTS (");
+        try!(self.0.to_sql(out));
+        out.push_sql(")");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn collect_binds(&self, out: &mut DB::BindCollector) -> QueryResult<()> {
+        try!(self.0.collect_binds(out));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn is_safe_to_cache_prepared(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_safe_to_cache_prepared()
+    }
+}
+
+impl_query_id!(Exists<T>);

diesel/src/expression/mod.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ pub mod array_comparison;
 pub mod bound;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod count;
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod exists;
 pub mod expression_methods;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod functions;
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ pub mod dsl {
     #[doc(inline)] pub use super::functions::aggregate_ordering::*;
     #[doc(inline)] pub use super::functions::aggregate_folding::*;
     #[doc(inline)] pub use super::sql_literal::sql;
+    #[doc(inline)] pub use super::exists::exists;
 
     #[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
     pub use pg::expression::dsl::*;