diff --git a/docs/code_examples/aiohttp_async.py b/docs/code_examples/aiohttp_async.py
index b8cc05a1..0c1d10dd 100644
--- a/docs/code_examples/aiohttp_async.py
+++ b/docs/code_examples/aiohttp_async.py
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ async def main():
     # Using `async with` on the client will start a connection on the transport
     # and provide a `session` variable to execute queries on this connection
     async with Client(
-        transport=transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=True,
+        transport=transport,
+        fetch_schema_from_transport=True,
     ) as session:
 
         # Execute single query
diff --git a/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_api_key.py b/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_api_key.py
index 052da850..634e2439 100644
--- a/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_api_key.py
+++ b/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_api_key.py
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ async def main():
     transport = AIOHTTPTransport(url=url, auth=auth)
 
     async with Client(
-        transport=transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=False,
+        transport=transport,
+        fetch_schema_from_transport=False,
     ) as session:
 
         query = gql(
diff --git a/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_iam.py b/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_iam.py
index 327e0d91..3cc04a5a 100644
--- a/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_iam.py
+++ b/docs/code_examples/appsync/mutation_iam.py
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ async def main():
     transport = AIOHTTPTransport(url=url, auth=auth)
 
     async with Client(
-        transport=transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=False,
+        transport=transport,
+        fetch_schema_from_transport=False,
     ) as session:
 
         query = gql(
diff --git a/docs/code_examples/requests_sync.py b/docs/code_examples/requests_sync.py
index 53b1e2a7..2184f286 100644
--- a/docs/code_examples/requests_sync.py
+++ b/docs/code_examples/requests_sync.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 from gql.transport.requests import RequestsHTTPTransport
 
 transport = RequestsHTTPTransport(
-    url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/", verify=True, retries=3,
+    url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/",
+    verify=True,
+    retries=3,
 )
 
 client = Client(transport=transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=True)
diff --git a/docs/code_examples/requests_sync_dsl.py b/docs/code_examples/requests_sync_dsl.py
index 925b9aa2..e16ded92 100644
--- a/docs/code_examples/requests_sync_dsl.py
+++ b/docs/code_examples/requests_sync_dsl.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 from gql.transport.requests import RequestsHTTPTransport
 
 transport = RequestsHTTPTransport(
-    url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/", verify=True, retries=3,
+    url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/",
+    verify=True,
+    retries=3,
 )
 
 client = Client(transport=transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=True)
diff --git a/docs/code_examples/websockets_async.py b/docs/code_examples/websockets_async.py
index e5e83021..e645a7ef 100644
--- a/docs/code_examples/websockets_async.py
+++ b/docs/code_examples/websockets_async.py
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ async def main():
     # Using `async with` on the client will start a connection on the transport
     # and provide a `session` variable to execute queries on this connection
     async with Client(
-        transport=transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=True,
+        transport=transport,
+        fetch_schema_from_transport=True,
     ) as session:
 
         # Execute single query
diff --git a/gql/cli.py b/gql/cli.py
index 1e248081..78d82551 100644
--- a/gql/cli.py
+++ b/gql/cli.py
@@ -132,11 +132,15 @@ def get_parser(with_examples: bool = False) -> ArgumentParser:
     appsync_auth_group = appsync_group.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
 
     appsync_auth_group.add_argument(
-        "--api-key", help="Provide an API key for authentication", dest="api_key",
+        "--api-key",
+        help="Provide an API key for authentication",
+        dest="api_key",
     )
 
     appsync_auth_group.add_argument(
-        "--jwt", help="Provide an JSON Web token for authentication", dest="jwt",
+        "--jwt",
+        help="Provide an JSON Web token for authentication",
+        dest="jwt",
     )
 
     return parser
diff --git a/gql/dsl.py b/gql/dsl.py
index 6a2e0718..634c10cb 100644
--- a/gql/dsl.py
+++ b/gql/dsl.py
@@ -311,7 +311,9 @@ class DSLSelector(ABC):
     selection_set: SelectionSetNode
 
     def __init__(
-        self, *fields: "DSLSelectable", **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
+        self,
+        *fields: "DSLSelectable",
+        **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
     ):
         """:meta private:"""
         self.selection_set = SelectionSetNode(selections=())
@@ -326,7 +328,9 @@ def is_valid_field(self, field: "DSLSelectable") -> bool:
         )  # pragma: no cover
 
     def select(
-        self, *fields: "DSLSelectable", **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
+        self,
+        *fields: "DSLSelectable",
+        **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
     ):
         r"""Select the fields which should be added.
 
@@ -387,7 +391,9 @@ def executable_ast(self):
         )  # pragma: no cover
 
     def __init__(
-        self, *fields: "DSLSelectable", **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
+        self,
+        *fields: "DSLSelectable",
+        **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
     ):
         r"""Given arguments of type :class:`DSLSelectable` containing GraphQL requests,
         generate an operation which can be converted to a Document
@@ -552,7 +558,9 @@ def get_ast_definitions(self) -> Tuple[VariableDefinitionNode, ...]:
         """
         return tuple(
             VariableDefinitionNode(
-                type=var.type, variable=var.ast_variable, default_value=None,
+                type=var.type,
+                variable=var.ast_variable,
+                default_value=None,
             )
             for var in self.variables.values()
             if var.type is not None  # only variables used
@@ -889,7 +897,9 @@ class DSLInlineFragment(DSLSelectable, DSLFragmentSelector):
     ast_field: InlineFragmentNode
 
     def __init__(
-        self, *fields: "DSLSelectable", **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
+        self,
+        *fields: "DSLSelectable",
+        **fields_with_alias: "DSLSelectableWithAlias",
     ):
         r"""Initialize the DSLInlineFragment.
 
@@ -944,7 +954,8 @@ class DSLFragment(DSLSelectable, DSLFragmentSelector, DSLExecutable):
     name: str
 
     def __init__(
-        self, name: str,
+        self,
+        name: str,
     ):
         r"""Initialize the DSLFragment.
 
diff --git a/gql/transport/aiohttp.py b/gql/transport/aiohttp.py
index 7df60417..de9ab953 100644
--- a/gql/transport/aiohttp.py
+++ b/gql/transport/aiohttp.py
@@ -222,7 +222,8 @@ async def execute(
             # If we upload files, we will extract the files present in the
             # variable_values dict and replace them by null values
             nulled_variable_values, files = extract_files(
-                variables=variable_values, file_classes=self.file_classes,
+                variables=variable_values,
+                file_classes=self.file_classes,
             )
 
             # Save the nulled variable values in the payload
@@ -275,7 +276,8 @@ async def execute(
         # Add headers for AppSync if requested
         if isinstance(self.auth, AppSyncAuthentication):
             post_args["headers"] = self.auth.get_headers(
-                json.dumps(payload), {"content-type": "application/json"},
+                json.dumps(payload),
+                {"content-type": "application/json"},
             )
 
         if self.session is None:
diff --git a/gql/transport/appsync_websockets.py b/gql/transport/appsync_websockets.py
index c7e05a09..66091747 100644
--- a/gql/transport/appsync_websockets.py
+++ b/gql/transport/appsync_websockets.py
@@ -172,7 +172,12 @@ async def _send_query(
             "authorization": self.auth.get_headers(serialized_data)
         }
 
-        await self._send(json.dumps(message, separators=(",", ":"),))
+        await self._send(
+            json.dumps(
+                message,
+                separators=(",", ":"),
+            )
+        )
 
         return query_id
 
diff --git a/gql/transport/async_transport.py b/gql/transport/async_transport.py
index 7de24015..18f6df79 100644
--- a/gql/transport/async_transport.py
+++ b/gql/transport/async_transport.py
@@ -7,16 +7,14 @@
 class AsyncTransport:
     @abc.abstractmethod
     async def connect(self):
-        """Coroutine used to create a connection to the specified address
-        """
+        """Coroutine used to create a connection to the specified address"""
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Any AsyncTransport subclass must implement connect method"
         )  # pragma: no cover
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     async def close(self):
-        """Coroutine used to Close an established connection
-        """
+        """Coroutine used to Close an established connection"""
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Any AsyncTransport subclass must implement close method"
         )  # pragma: no cover
@@ -28,8 +26,8 @@ async def execute(
         variable_values: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         operation_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
-        """Execute the provided document AST for either a remote or local GraphQL Schema.
-        """
+        """Execute the provided document AST for either a remote or local GraphQL
+        Schema."""
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Any AsyncTransport subclass must implement execute method"
         )  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/gql/transport/local_schema.py b/gql/transport/local_schema.py
index 18cd2982..87395b19 100644
--- a/gql/transport/local_schema.py
+++ b/gql/transport/local_schema.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ class LocalSchemaTransport(AsyncTransport):
     """A transport for executing GraphQL queries against a local schema."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, schema: GraphQLSchema,
+        self,
+        schema: GraphQLSchema,
     ):
         """Initialize the transport with the given local schema.
 
@@ -19,20 +20,20 @@ def __init__(
         self.schema = schema
 
     async def connect(self):
-        """No connection needed on local transport
-        """
+        """No connection needed on local transport"""
         pass
 
     async def close(self):
-        """No close needed on local transport
-        """
+        """No close needed on local transport"""
         pass
 
     async def execute(
-        self, document: DocumentNode, *args, **kwargs,
+        self,
+        document: DocumentNode,
+        *args,
+        **kwargs,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
-        """Execute the provided document AST for on a local GraphQL Schema.
-        """
+        """Execute the provided document AST for on a local GraphQL Schema."""
 
         result_or_awaitable = execute(self.schema, document, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -48,7 +49,10 @@ async def execute(
         return execution_result
 
     async def subscribe(
-        self, document: DocumentNode, *args, **kwargs,
+        self,
+        document: DocumentNode,
+        *args,
+        **kwargs,
     ) -> AsyncGenerator[ExecutionResult, None]:
         """Send a subscription and receive the results using an async generator
 
diff --git a/gql/transport/requests.py b/gql/transport/requests.py
index a34e7542..690615b4 100644
--- a/gql/transport/requests.py
+++ b/gql/transport/requests.py
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ def execute(  # type: ignore
             # If we upload files, we will extract the files present in the
             # variable_values dict and replace them by null values
             nulled_variable_values, files = extract_files(
-                variables=variable_values, file_classes=self.file_classes,
+                variables=variable_values,
+                file_classes=self.file_classes,
             )
 
             # Save the nulled variable values in the payload
diff --git a/gql/transport/transport.py b/gql/transport/transport.py
index 56d882f4..a21502f0 100644
--- a/gql/transport/transport.py
+++ b/gql/transport/transport.py
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ def execute(self, document: DocumentNode, *args, **kwargs) -> ExecutionResult:
         )  # pragma: no cover
 
     def connect(self):
-        """Establish a session with the transport.
-        """
+        """Establish a session with the transport."""
         pass  # pragma: no cover
 
     def close(self):
diff --git a/gql/transport/websockets.py b/gql/transport/websockets.py
index 1650624e..9e111551 100644
--- a/gql/transport/websockets.py
+++ b/gql/transport/websockets.py
@@ -152,8 +152,7 @@ async def _initialize(self):
         await self._send_init_message_and_wait_ack()
 
     async def send_ping(self, payload: Optional[Any] = None) -> None:
-        """Send a ping message for the graphql-ws protocol
-        """
+        """Send a ping message for the graphql-ws protocol"""
 
         ping_message = {"type": "ping"}
 
@@ -163,8 +162,7 @@ async def send_ping(self, payload: Optional[Any] = None) -> None:
         await self._send(json.dumps(ping_message))
 
     async def send_pong(self, payload: Optional[Any] = None) -> None:
-        """Send a pong message for the graphql-ws protocol
-        """
+        """Send a pong message for the graphql-ws protocol"""
 
         pong_message = {"type": "pong"}
 
diff --git a/gql/transport/websockets_base.py b/gql/transport/websockets_base.py
index 7a83c47f..45c96d3e 100644
--- a/gql/transport/websockets_base.py
+++ b/gql/transport/websockets_base.py
@@ -196,8 +196,7 @@ async def _after_initialize(self):
         pass  # pragma: no cover
 
     async def _close_hook(self):
-        """Hook to add custom code for subclasses for the connection close
-        """
+        """Hook to add custom code for subclasses for the connection close"""
         pass  # pragma: no cover
 
     async def _connection_terminate(self):
diff --git a/gql/utilities/get_introspection_query_ast.py b/gql/utilities/get_introspection_query_ast.py
index d053c1c0..d35a2a75 100644
--- a/gql/utilities/get_introspection_query_ast.py
+++ b/gql/utilities/get_introspection_query_ast.py
@@ -48,13 +48,15 @@ def get_introspection_query_ast(
     if directive_is_repeatable:
         directives.select(ds.__Directive.isRepeatable)
     directives.select(
-        ds.__Directive.locations, ds.__Directive.args.select(fragment_InputValue),
+        ds.__Directive.locations,
+        ds.__Directive.args.select(fragment_InputValue),
     )
 
     schema.select(directives)
 
     fragment_FullType.select(
-        ds.__Type.kind, ds.__Type.name,
+        ds.__Type.kind,
+        ds.__Type.name,
     )
     if descriptions:
         fragment_FullType.select(ds.__Type.description)
@@ -81,7 +83,8 @@ def get_introspection_query_ast(
         enum_values.select(ds.__EnumValue.description)
 
     enum_values.select(
-        ds.__EnumValue.isDeprecated, ds.__EnumValue.deprecationReason,
+        ds.__EnumValue.isDeprecated,
+        ds.__EnumValue.deprecationReason,
     )
 
     fragment_FullType.select(
@@ -98,11 +101,13 @@ def get_introspection_query_ast(
         fragment_InputValue.select(ds.__InputValue.description)
 
     fragment_InputValue.select(
-        ds.__InputValue.type.select(fragment_TypeRef), ds.__InputValue.defaultValue,
+        ds.__InputValue.type.select(fragment_TypeRef),
+        ds.__InputValue.defaultValue,
     )
 
     fragment_TypeRef.select(
-        ds.__Type.kind, ds.__Type.name,
+        ds.__Type.kind,
+        ds.__Type.name,
     )
 
     if type_recursion_level >= 1:
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 07bab00e..1a46c4db 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 ]
 
 dev_requires = [
-    "black==19.10b0",
+    "black==22.3.0",
     "check-manifest>=0.42,<1",
     "flake8==3.8.1",
     "isort==4.3.21",
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 8d0b95ba..518d0d3a 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -469,7 +469,8 @@ async def client_and_graphqlws_server(graphqlws_server):
     path = "/graphql"
     url = f"ws://{graphqlws_server.hostname}:{graphqlws_server.port}{path}"
     sample_transport = WebsocketsTransport(
-        url=url, subprotocols=[WebsocketsTransport.GRAPHQLWS_SUBPROTOCOL],
+        url=url,
+        subprotocols=[WebsocketsTransport.GRAPHQLWS_SUBPROTOCOL],
     )
 
     async with Client(transport=sample_transport) as session:
diff --git a/tests/custom_scalars/test_enum_colors.py b/tests/custom_scalars/test_enum_colors.py
index 2c7b887c..2f15a8ca 100644
--- a/tests/custom_scalars/test_enum_colors.py
+++ b/tests/custom_scalars/test_enum_colors.py
@@ -71,7 +71,10 @@ def resolve_list(_root, _info):
 queryType = GraphQLObjectType(
     name="RootQueryType",
     fields={
-        "all": GraphQLField(GraphQLList(ColorType), resolve=resolve_all,),
+        "all": GraphQLField(
+            GraphQLList(ColorType),
+            resolve=resolve_all,
+        ),
         "opposite": GraphQLField(
             ColorType,
             args={"color": GraphQLArgument(ColorType)},
@@ -90,7 +93,8 @@ def resolve_list(_root, _info):
             resolve=resolve_list_of_list,
         ),
         "list": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLList(ColorType)), resolve=resolve_list,
+            GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLList(ColorType)),
+            resolve=resolve_list,
         ),
     },
 )
diff --git a/tests/custom_scalars/test_json.py b/tests/custom_scalars/test_json.py
index 9659d0a5..4c4da588 100644
--- a/tests/custom_scalars/test_json.py
+++ b/tests/custom_scalars/test_json.py
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ def resolve_players(root, _info):
 
 
 queryType = GraphQLObjectType(
-    name="Query", fields={"players": GraphQLField(JsonScalar, resolve=resolve_players)},
+    name="Query",
+    fields={"players": GraphQLField(JsonScalar, resolve=resolve_players)},
 )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/custom_scalars/test_money.py b/tests/custom_scalars/test_money.py
index 23dc281d..e67a0bcd 100644
--- a/tests/custom_scalars/test_money.py
+++ b/tests/custom_scalars/test_money.py
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ def resolve_to_euros(_root, _info, money):
             GraphQLList(MoneyScalar), resolve=resolve_friends_balance
         ),
         "countries_balance": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLNonNull(countriesBalance), resolve=resolve_countries_balance,
+            GraphQLNonNull(countriesBalance),
+            resolve=resolve_countries_balance,
         ),
     },
 )
@@ -184,7 +185,10 @@ async def subscribe_spend_all(_root, _info, money):
     },
 )
 
-schema = GraphQLSchema(query=queryType, subscription=subscriptionType,)
+schema = GraphQLSchema(
+    query=queryType,
+    subscription=subscriptionType,
+)
 
 
 def test_custom_scalar_in_output():
@@ -470,7 +474,9 @@ async def test_custom_scalar_in_output_with_transport(event_loop, aiohttp_server
 
     transport = await make_money_transport(aiohttp_server)
 
-    async with Client(transport=transport,) as session:
+    async with Client(
+        transport=transport,
+    ) as session:
 
         query = gql("{balance}")
 
@@ -486,7 +492,9 @@ async def test_custom_scalar_in_input_query_with_transport(event_loop, aiohttp_s
 
     transport = await make_money_transport(aiohttp_server)
 
-    async with Client(transport=transport,) as session:
+    async with Client(
+        transport=transport,
+    ) as session:
 
         query = gql('{toEuros(money: {amount: 10, currency: "DM"})}')
 
@@ -508,7 +516,9 @@ async def test_custom_scalar_in_input_variable_values_with_transport(
 
     transport = await make_money_transport(aiohttp_server)
 
-    async with Client(transport=transport,) as session:
+    async with Client(
+        transport=transport,
+    ) as session:
 
         query = gql("query myquery($money: Money) {toEuros(money: $money)}")
 
@@ -530,7 +540,9 @@ async def test_custom_scalar_in_input_variable_values_split_with_transport(
 
     transport = await make_money_transport(aiohttp_server)
 
-    async with Client(transport=transport,) as session:
+    async with Client(
+        transport=transport,
+    ) as session:
 
         query = gql(
             """
@@ -552,7 +564,10 @@ async def test_custom_scalar_serialize_variables(event_loop, aiohttp_server):
 
     transport = await make_money_transport(aiohttp_server)
 
-    async with Client(schema=schema, transport=transport,) as session:
+    async with Client(
+        schema=schema,
+        transport=transport,
+    ) as session:
 
         query = gql("query myquery($money: Money) {toEuros(money: $money)}")
 
@@ -571,7 +586,9 @@ async def test_custom_scalar_serialize_variables_no_schema(event_loop, aiohttp_s
 
     transport = await make_money_transport(aiohttp_server)
 
-    async with Client(transport=transport,) as session:
+    async with Client(
+        transport=transport,
+    ) as session:
 
         query = gql("query myquery($money: Money) {toEuros(money: $money)}")
 
@@ -670,7 +687,9 @@ def test_update_schema_scalars_invalid_scalar_argument():
 
 def test_update_schema_scalars_scalar_not_found_in_schema():
 
-    NotFoundScalar = GraphQLScalarType(name="abcd",)
+    NotFoundScalar = GraphQLScalarType(
+        name="abcd",
+    )
 
     with pytest.raises(KeyError) as exc_info:
         update_schema_scalars(schema, [MoneyScalar, NotFoundScalar])
diff --git a/tests/nested_input/schema.py b/tests/nested_input/schema.py
index bd5a0507..ccdebb4a 100644
--- a/tests/nested_input/schema.py
+++ b/tests/nested_input/schema.py
@@ -30,4 +30,7 @@
     },
 )
 
-NestedInputSchema = GraphQLSchema(query=queryType, types=[nestedInput],)
+NestedInputSchema = GraphQLSchema(
+    query=queryType,
+    types=[nestedInput],
+)
diff --git a/tests/starwars/fixtures.py b/tests/starwars/fixtures.py
index 36232147..efbb1b0e 100644
--- a/tests/starwars/fixtures.py
+++ b/tests/starwars/fixtures.py
@@ -66,7 +66,11 @@ def __init__(self, id, name, friends, appearsIn, primaryFunction):
 )
 
 tarkin = Human(
-    id="1004", name="Wilhuff Tarkin", friends=["1001"], appearsIn=[4], homePlanet=None,
+    id="1004",
+    name="Wilhuff Tarkin",
+    friends=["1001"],
+    appearsIn=[4],
+    homePlanet=None,
 )
 
 humanData = {
diff --git a/tests/starwars/schema.py b/tests/starwars/schema.py
index 50e2420f..c3db0a3d 100644
--- a/tests/starwars/schema.py
+++ b/tests/starwars/schema.py
@@ -32,9 +32,18 @@
 episode_enum = GraphQLEnumType(
     "Episode",
     {
-        "NEWHOPE": GraphQLEnumValue(4, description="Released in 1977.",),
-        "EMPIRE": GraphQLEnumValue(5, description="Released in 1980.",),
-        "JEDI": GraphQLEnumValue(6, description="Released in 1983.",),
+        "NEWHOPE": GraphQLEnumValue(
+            4,
+            description="Released in 1977.",
+        ),
+        "EMPIRE": GraphQLEnumValue(
+            5,
+            description="Released in 1980.",
+        ),
+        "JEDI": GraphQLEnumValue(
+            6,
+            description="Released in 1983.",
+        ),
     },
     description="One of the films in the Star Wars Trilogy",
 )
@@ -70,16 +79,21 @@
     "Human",
     lambda: {
         "id": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="The id of the human.",
+            GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString),
+            description="The id of the human.",
+        ),
+        "name": GraphQLField(
+            GraphQLString,
+            description="The name of the human.",
         ),
-        "name": GraphQLField(GraphQLString, description="The name of the human.",),
         "friends": GraphQLField(
             GraphQLList(character_interface),
             description="The friends of the human, or an empty list if they have none.",
             resolve=lambda human, _info: get_friends(human),
         ),
         "appearsIn": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLList(episode_enum), description="Which movies they appear in.",
+            GraphQLList(episode_enum),
+            description="Which movies they appear in.",
         ),
         "homePlanet": GraphQLField(
             GraphQLString,
@@ -94,19 +108,25 @@
     "Droid",
     lambda: {
         "id": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description="The id of the droid.",
+            GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString),
+            description="The id of the droid.",
+        ),
+        "name": GraphQLField(
+            GraphQLString,
+            description="The name of the droid.",
         ),
-        "name": GraphQLField(GraphQLString, description="The name of the droid.",),
         "friends": GraphQLField(
             GraphQLList(character_interface),
             description="The friends of the droid, or an empty list if they have none.",
             resolve=lambda droid, _info: get_friends(droid),
         ),
         "appearsIn": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLList(episode_enum), description="Which movies they appear in.",
+            GraphQLList(episode_enum),
+            description="Which movies they appear in.",
         ),
         "primaryFunction": GraphQLField(
-            GraphQLString, description="The primary function of the droid.",
+            GraphQLString,
+            description="The primary function of the droid.",
         ),
     },
     interfaces=[character_interface],
@@ -157,7 +177,8 @@
             human_type,
             args={
                 "id": GraphQLArgument(
-                    description="id of the human", type_=GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString),
+                    description="id of the human",
+                    type_=GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString),
                 )
             },
             resolve=lambda _souce, _info, id: get_human(id),
@@ -166,7 +187,8 @@
             droid_type,
             args={
                 "id": GraphQLArgument(
-                    description="id of the droid", type_=GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString),
+                    description="id of the droid",
+                    type_=GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString),
                 )
             },
             resolve=lambda _source, _info, id: get_droid(id),
@@ -175,7 +197,8 @@
             GraphQLList(character_interface),
             args={
                 "ids": GraphQLArgument(
-                    GraphQLList(GraphQLString), description="list of character ids",
+                    GraphQLList(GraphQLString),
+                    description="list of character ids",
                 )
             },
             resolve=lambda _source, _info, ids=None: get_characters(ids),
@@ -190,10 +213,12 @@
             review_type,
             args={
                 "episode": GraphQLArgument(
-                    episode_enum, description="Episode to create review",
+                    episode_enum,
+                    description="Episode to create review",
                 ),
                 "review": GraphQLArgument(
-                    description="set alive status", type_=review_input_type,
+                    description="set alive status",
+                    type_=review_input_type,
                 ),
             },
             resolve=lambda _source, _info, episode=None, review=None: create_review(
@@ -222,7 +247,8 @@ async def resolve_review(review, _info, **_args):
             review_type,
             args={
                 "episode": GraphQLArgument(
-                    episode_enum, description="Episode to review",
+                    episode_enum,
+                    description="Episode to review",
                 )
             },
             subscribe=subscribe_reviews,
diff --git a/tests/starwars/test_dsl.py b/tests/starwars/test_dsl.py
index 6adc84a9..50f5449c 100644
--- a/tests/starwars/test_dsl.py
+++ b/tests/starwars/test_dsl.py
@@ -217,7 +217,9 @@ def test_hero_name_and_friends_query(ds):
     query_dsl = ds.Query.hero.select(
         ds.Character.id,
         ds.Character.name,
-        ds.Character.friends.select(ds.Character.name,),
+        ds.Character.friends.select(
+            ds.Character.name,
+        ),
     )
     assert query == str(query_dsl)
 
@@ -225,7 +227,11 @@ def test_hero_name_and_friends_query(ds):
     query_dsl = (
         ds.Query.hero.select(ds.Character.id)
         .select(ds.Character.name)
-        .select(ds.Character.friends.select(ds.Character.name,),)
+        .select(
+            ds.Character.friends.select(
+                ds.Character.name,
+            ),
+        )
     )
     assert query == str(query_dsl)
 
@@ -272,7 +278,9 @@ def test_fetch_luke_query(ds):
   name
 }
     """.strip()
-    query_dsl = ds.Query.human(id="1000").select(ds.Human.name,)
+    query_dsl = ds.Query.human(id="1000").select(
+        ds.Human.name,
+    )
 
     assert query == str(query_dsl)
 
@@ -283,11 +291,23 @@ def test_fetch_luke_aliased(ds):
   name
 }
     """.strip()
-    query_dsl = ds.Query.human.args(id=1000).alias("luke").select(ds.Character.name,)
+    query_dsl = (
+        ds.Query.human.args(id=1000)
+        .alias("luke")
+        .select(
+            ds.Character.name,
+        )
+    )
     assert query == str(query_dsl)
 
     # Should also work with select before alias
-    query_dsl = ds.Query.human.args(id=1000).select(ds.Character.name,).alias("luke")
+    query_dsl = (
+        ds.Query.human.args(id=1000)
+        .select(
+            ds.Character.name,
+        )
+        .alias("luke")
+    )
     assert query == str(query_dsl)
 
 
@@ -308,7 +328,9 @@ def test_fetch_name_aliased_as_kwargs(ds: DSLSchema):
   my_name: name
 }
     """.strip()
-    query_dsl = ds.Query.human.args(id=1000).select(my_name=ds.Character.name,)
+    query_dsl = ds.Query.human.args(id=1000).select(
+        my_name=ds.Character.name,
+    )
     assert query == str(query_dsl)
 
 
@@ -322,7 +344,9 @@ def test_hero_name_query_result(ds, client):
 def test_arg_serializer_list(ds, client):
     query = dsl_gql(
         DSLQuery(
-            ds.Query.characters.args(ids=[1000, 1001, 1003]).select(ds.Character.name,)
+            ds.Query.characters.args(ids=[1000, 1001, 1003]).select(
+                ds.Character.name,
+            )
         )
     )
     result = client.execute(query)
@@ -433,7 +457,11 @@ def test_root_fields_aliased(ds, client):
 
 
 def test_operation_name(ds):
-    query = dsl_gql(GetHeroName=DSLQuery(ds.Query.hero.select(ds.Character.name),))
+    query = dsl_gql(
+        GetHeroName=DSLQuery(
+            ds.Query.hero.select(ds.Character.name),
+        )
+    )
 
     assert (
         print_ast(query)
@@ -574,7 +602,8 @@ def test_inline_fragment_in_dsl_gql(ds):
     query = DSLQuery()
 
     with pytest.raises(
-        GraphQLError, match=r"Invalid field for <DSLQuery>: <DSLInlineFragment>",
+        GraphQLError,
+        match=r"Invalid field for <DSLQuery>: <DSLInlineFragment>",
     ):
         query.select(inline_fragment)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_appsync_auth.py b/tests/test_appsync_auth.py
index 546e0e6f..cb279ae5 100644
--- a/tests/test_appsync_auth.py
+++ b/tests/test_appsync_auth.py
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ def test_appsync_init_with_no_credentials(caplog, fake_session_factory):
 
     with pytest.raises(botocore.exceptions.NoCredentialsError):
         sample_transport = AppSyncWebsocketsTransport(
-            url=mock_transport_url, session=fake_session_factory(credentials=None),
+            url=mock_transport_url,
+            session=fake_session_factory(credentials=None),
         )
         assert sample_transport.auth is None
 
@@ -75,7 +76,8 @@ def test_appsync_init_with_iam_auth_without_creds(fake_session_factory):
     from gql.transport.appsync_websockets import AppSyncWebsocketsTransport
 
     auth = AppSyncIAMAuthentication(
-        host=mock_transport_host, session=fake_session_factory(credentials=None),
+        host=mock_transport_host,
+        session=fake_session_factory(credentials=None),
     )
     with pytest.raises(botocore.exceptions.NoCredentialsError):
         AppSyncWebsocketsTransport(url=mock_transport_url, auth=auth)
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ def test_appsync_init_with_iam_auth_and_no_region(
      - you have a default region set in ~/.aws/config
      - you have the AWS_DEFAULT_REGION environment variable set
 
-     """
+    """
     from gql.transport.appsync_websockets import AppSyncWebsocketsTransport
     from botocore.exceptions import NoRegionError
     import logging
diff --git a/tests/test_appsync_http.py b/tests/test_appsync_http.py
index 1f787a68..ca3a3fcb 100644
--- a/tests/test_appsync_http.py
+++ b/tests/test_appsync_http.py
@@ -44,7 +44,9 @@ async def handler(request):
     host = str(urlparse(url).netloc)
 
     auth = AppSyncIAMAuthentication(
-        host=host, credentials=fake_credentials_factory(), region_name="us-east-1",
+        host=host,
+        credentials=fake_credentials_factory(),
+        region_name="us-east-1",
     )
 
     sample_transport = AIOHTTPTransport(url=url, auth=auth)
diff --git a/tests/test_appsync_websockets.py b/tests/test_appsync_websockets.py
index f510d4a7..62816cc9 100644
--- a/tests/test_appsync_websockets.py
+++ b/tests/test_appsync_websockets.py
@@ -450,7 +450,8 @@ async def test_appsync_subscription_iam_without_token(event_loop, server):
     url = f"ws://{server.hostname}:{server.port}{path}"
 
     dummy_credentials = Credentials(
-        access_key=DUMMY_ACCESS_KEY_ID, secret_key=DUMMY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
+        access_key=DUMMY_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
+        secret_key=DUMMY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
     )
 
     auth = AppSyncIAMAuthentication(
@@ -475,7 +476,8 @@ async def test_appsync_execute_method_not_allowed(event_loop, server):
     url = f"ws://{server.hostname}:{server.port}{path}"
 
     dummy_credentials = Credentials(
-        access_key=DUMMY_ACCESS_KEY_ID, secret_key=DUMMY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
+        access_key=DUMMY_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
+        secret_key=DUMMY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
     )
 
     auth = AppSyncIAMAuthentication(
@@ -518,7 +520,8 @@ async def test_appsync_fetch_schema_from_transport_not_allowed(event_loop):
     from botocore.credentials import Credentials
 
     dummy_credentials = Credentials(
-        access_key=DUMMY_ACCESS_KEY_ID, secret_key=DUMMY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
+        access_key=DUMMY_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
+        secret_key=DUMMY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
     )
 
     auth = AppSyncIAMAuthentication(
diff --git a/tests/test_async_client_validation.py b/tests/test_async_client_validation.py
index b588e6ba..d39019e8 100644
--- a/tests/test_async_client_validation.py
+++ b/tests/test_async_client_validation.py
@@ -266,7 +266,8 @@ async def test_async_client_validation_fetch_schema_from_server_with_client_argu
     sample_transport = WebsocketsTransport(url=url)
 
     async with Client(
-        transport=sample_transport, fetch_schema_from_transport=True,
+        transport=sample_transport,
+        fetch_schema_from_transport=True,
     ) as session:
 
         query = gql(
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
index 8df47a63..ec268422 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ def test_cli_parse_variable_value_invalid_param(parser, param):
 
 @pytest.mark.aiohttp
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["http://your_server.com", "https://your_server.com"],
+    "url",
+    ["http://your_server.com", "https://your_server.com"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_aiohttp(parser, url):
 
@@ -170,7 +171,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_aiohttp(parser, url):
 
 @pytest.mark.websockets
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["ws://your_server.com", "wss://your_server.com"],
+    "url",
+    ["ws://your_server.com", "wss://your_server.com"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_websockets(parser, url):
 
@@ -185,7 +187,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_websockets(parser, url):
 
 @pytest.mark.websockets
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["ws://your_server.com", "wss://your_server.com"],
+    "url",
+    ["ws://your_server.com", "wss://your_server.com"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_phoenix(parser, url):
 
@@ -224,7 +227,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_websockets_iam(parser, url):
 @pytest.mark.websockets
 @pytest.mark.botocore
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["wss://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
+    "url",
+    ["wss://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
 )
 async def test_cli_main_appsync_websockets_iam(parser, url):
 
@@ -240,7 +244,8 @@ async def test_cli_main_appsync_websockets_iam(parser, url):
 
 @pytest.mark.websockets
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["wss://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
+    "url",
+    ["wss://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_websockets_api_key(parser, url):
 
@@ -260,7 +265,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_websockets_api_key(parser, url):
 
 @pytest.mark.websockets
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["wss://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
+    "url",
+    ["wss://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_websockets_jwt(parser, url):
 
@@ -281,7 +287,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_websockets_jwt(parser, url):
 @pytest.mark.aiohttp
 @pytest.mark.botocore
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["https://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
+    "url",
+    ["https://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_http_iam(parser, url):
 
@@ -296,7 +303,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_http_iam(parser, url):
 
 @pytest.mark.aiohttp
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["https://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
+    "url",
+    ["https://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_http_api_key(parser, url):
 
@@ -316,7 +324,8 @@ def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_http_api_key(parser, url):
 
 @pytest.mark.aiohttp
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "url", ["https://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
+    "url",
+    ["https://XXXXXX.appsync-api.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/graphql"],
 )
 def test_cli_get_transport_appsync_http_jwt(parser, url):
 
diff --git a/tests/test_client.py b/tests/test_client.py
index fecdf43d..8b6575d7 100644
--- a/tests/test_client.py
+++ b/tests/test_client.py
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ def test_retries_on_transport(execute_mock):
         "Should be HTTPConnection", "Fake connection error"
     )
     transport = RequestsHTTPTransport(
-        url="http://127.0.0.1:8000/graphql", retries=expected_retries,
+        url="http://127.0.0.1:8000/graphql",
+        retries=expected_retries,
     )
     client = Client(transport=transport)
 
@@ -136,7 +137,8 @@ def test_http_transport_verify_error(http_transport_query):
 
     with Client(
         transport=RequestsHTTPTransport(
-            url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/", verify=False,
+            url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/",
+            verify=False,
         )
     ) as client:
         with pytest.warns(Warning) as record:
@@ -152,7 +154,8 @@ def test_http_transport_specify_method_valid(http_transport_query):
 
     with Client(
         transport=RequestsHTTPTransport(
-            url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/", method="POST",
+            url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/",
+            method="POST",
         )
     ) as client:
         result = client.execute(http_transport_query)
@@ -166,7 +169,8 @@ def test_http_transport_specify_method_invalid(http_transport_query):
 
     with Client(
         transport=RequestsHTTPTransport(
-            url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/", method="GET",
+            url="https://countries.trevorblades.com/",
+            method="GET",
         )
     ) as client:
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as exc_info:
diff --git a/tests/test_graphqlws_subscription.py b/tests/test_graphqlws_subscription.py
index 7826aca1..ade21911 100644
--- a/tests/test_graphqlws_subscription.py
+++ b/tests/test_graphqlws_subscription.py
@@ -533,7 +533,9 @@ async def test_graphqlws_subscription_with_ping_interval_ok(
     path = "/graphql"
     url = f"ws://{graphqlws_server.hostname}:{graphqlws_server.port}{path}"
     transport = WebsocketsTransport(
-        url=url, ping_interval=(5 * COUNTING_DELAY), pong_timeout=(4 * COUNTING_DELAY),
+        url=url,
+        ping_interval=(5 * COUNTING_DELAY),
+        pong_timeout=(4 * COUNTING_DELAY),
     )
 
     client = Client(transport=transport)
@@ -709,7 +711,7 @@ def test_graphqlws_subscription_sync(graphqlws_server, subscription_str):
 def test_graphqlws_subscription_sync_graceful_shutdown(
     graphqlws_server, subscription_str
 ):
-    """ Note: this test will simulate a control-C happening while a sync subscription
+    """Note: this test will simulate a control-C happening while a sync subscription
     is in progress. To do that we will throw a KeyboardInterrupt exception inside
     the subscription async generator.
 
diff --git a/tests/test_phoenix_channel_exceptions.py b/tests/test_phoenix_channel_exceptions.py
index 1711d25a..e2bf0091 100644
--- a/tests/test_phoenix_channel_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/test_phoenix_channel_exceptions.py
@@ -434,7 +434,9 @@ async def test_phoenix_channel_subscription_protocol_error(
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "server", [query_server(server_error_server_answer)], indirect=True,
+    "server",
+    [query_server(server_error_server_answer)],
+    indirect=True,
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("query_str", [query1_str])
 async def test_phoenix_channel_server_error(event_loop, server, query_str):
diff --git a/tests/test_websocket_exceptions.py b/tests/test_websocket_exceptions.py
index 8cccf33b..72db8a87 100644
--- a/tests/test_websocket_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/test_websocket_exceptions.py
@@ -172,7 +172,10 @@ async def test_websocket_sending_invalid_payload(
     # Monkey patching the _send_query method to send an invalid payload
 
     async def monkey_patch_send_query(
-        self, document, variable_values=None, operation_name=None,
+        self,
+        document,
+        variable_values=None,
+        operation_name=None,
     ) -> int:
         query_id = self.next_query_id
         self.next_query_id += 1
diff --git a/tests/test_websocket_query.py b/tests/test_websocket_query.py
index 2382f157..f39409f5 100644
--- a/tests/test_websocket_query.py
+++ b/tests/test_websocket_query.py
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ async def test_websocket_add_extra_parameters_to_connect(event_loop, server):
     url = f"ws://{server.hostname}:{server.port}/graphql"
 
     # Increase max payload size to avoid websockets.exceptions.PayloadTooBig exceptions
-    transport = WebsocketsTransport(url=url, connect_args={"max_size": 2 ** 21})
+    transport = WebsocketsTransport(url=url, connect_args={"max_size": 2**21})
 
     query = gql(query1_str)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_websocket_subscription.py b/tests/test_websocket_subscription.py
index 14ffe0a2..f1d72dc8 100644
--- a/tests/test_websocket_subscription.py
+++ b/tests/test_websocket_subscription.py
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ def test_websocket_subscription_sync(server, subscription_str):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("server", [server_countdown], indirect=True)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("subscription_str", [countdown_subscription_str])
 def test_websocket_subscription_sync_graceful_shutdown(server, subscription_str):
-    """ Note: this test will simulate a control-C happening while a sync subscription
+    """Note: this test will simulate a control-C happening while a sync subscription
     is in progress. To do that we will throw a KeyboardInterrupt exception inside
     the subscription async generator.