tests/provider: Recombine golangci-lint calls in Makefile lint target, add exclude-rules for unexpected SA1019 issues, replace deprecated deadline with timeout

Reference: #10236
Reference: golangci/golangci-lint#337 (comment)

Author: bflad

.golangci.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 issues:
+  exclude-rules:
+    # Exclude issues bypassing staticcheck.conf
+    - linters:
+        - staticcheck
+      text: "SA1019:"
   max-per-linter: 0
   max-same-issues: 0
 
@@ -11,8 +16,7 @@ linters:
     - gosimple
     - ineffassign
     - misspell
-    # Run separately for TravisCI memory issues
-    # - staticcheck
+    - staticcheck
     - structcheck
     - unconvert
     - unused
@@ -24,5 +28,5 @@ linters-settings:
     ignore: github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/helper/schema:ForceNew|Set,fmt:.*,io:Close
 
 run:
-  deadline: 5m
   modules-download-mode: vendor
+  timeout: 5m

GNUmakefile

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ websitefmtcheck:
 
 lint:
 	@echo "==> Checking source code against linters..."
-	@golangci-lint run --no-config --deadline 5m --disable-all --enable staticcheck --exclude SA1019 --max-issues-per-linter 0 --max-same-issues 0 ./$(PKG_NAME)/...
 	@golangci-lint run ./$(PKG_NAME)/...
 	@tfproviderlint \
 		-c 1 \