explain_borrow.rs

//! Print diagnostics to explain why values are borrowed.

use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diagnostic};
use rustc_hir as hir;
use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
use rustc_index::IndexSlice;
use rustc_infer::infer::NllRegionVariableOrigin;
use rustc_middle::mir::{
    Body, CallSource, CastKind, ConstraintCategory, FakeReadCause, Local, LocalInfo, Location,
    Operand, Place, Rvalue, Statement, StatementKind, TerminatorKind,
};
use rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::PointerCoercion;
use rustc_middle::ty::{self, RegionVid, TyCtxt};
use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, Symbol};
use rustc_span::{sym, DesugaringKind, Span};
use rustc_trait_selection::traits::error_reporting::FindExprBySpan;

use crate::region_infer::{BlameConstraint, ExtraConstraintInfo};
use crate::{
    borrow_set::BorrowData, nll::ConstraintDescription, region_infer::Cause, MirBorrowckCtxt,
    WriteKind,
};

use super::{find_use, RegionName, UseSpans};

#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) enum BorrowExplanation<'tcx> {
    UsedLater(LaterUseKind, Span, Option<Span>),
    UsedLaterInLoop(LaterUseKind, Span, Option<Span>),
    UsedLaterWhenDropped {
        drop_loc: Location,
        dropped_local: Local,
        should_note_order: bool,
    },
    MustBeValidFor {
        category: ConstraintCategory<'tcx>,
        from_closure: bool,
        span: Span,
        region_name: RegionName,
        opt_place_desc: Option<String>,
        extra_info: Vec<ExtraConstraintInfo>,
    },
    Unexplained,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub(crate) enum LaterUseKind {
    TraitCapture,
    ClosureCapture,
    Call,
    FakeLetRead,
    Other,
}

impl<'tcx> BorrowExplanation<'tcx> {
    pub(crate) fn is_explained(&self) -> bool {
        !matches!(self, BorrowExplanation::Unexplained)
    }
    pub(crate) fn add_explanation_to_diagnostic(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        local_names: &IndexSlice<Local, Option<Symbol>>,
        err: &mut Diagnostic,
        borrow_desc: &str,
        borrow_span: Option<Span>,
        multiple_borrow_span: Option<(Span, Span)>,
    ) {
        if let Some(span) = borrow_span {
            let def_id = body.source.def_id();
            if let Some(node) = tcx.hir().get_if_local(def_id)
                && let Some(body_id) = node.body_id()
            {
                let body = tcx.hir().body(body_id);
                let mut expr_finder = FindExprBySpan::new(span);
                expr_finder.visit_expr(body.value);
                if let Some(mut expr) = expr_finder.result {
                    while let hir::ExprKind::AddrOf(_, _, inner)
                        | hir::ExprKind::Unary(hir::UnOp::Deref, inner)
                        | hir::ExprKind::Field(inner, _)
                        | hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(_, inner, _, _)
                        | hir::ExprKind::Index(inner, _) = &expr.kind
                    {
                        expr = inner;
                    }
                    if let hir::ExprKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(None, p)) = expr.kind
                        && let [hir::PathSegment { ident, args: None, .. }] = p.segments
                        && let hir::def::Res::Local(hir_id) = p.res
                        && let Some(hir::Node::Pat(pat)) = tcx.hir().find(hir_id)
                    {
                        err.span_label(
                            pat.span,
                            format!("binding `{ident}` declared here"),
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        match *self {
            BorrowExplanation::UsedLater(later_use_kind, var_or_use_span, path_span) => {
                let message = match later_use_kind {
                    LaterUseKind::TraitCapture => "captured here by trait object",
                    LaterUseKind::ClosureCapture => "captured here by closure",
                    LaterUseKind::Call => "used by call",
                    LaterUseKind::FakeLetRead => "stored here",
                    LaterUseKind::Other => "used here",
                };
                // We can use `var_or_use_span` if either `path_span` is not present, or both spans are the same
                if path_span.map(|path_span| path_span == var_or_use_span).unwrap_or(true) {
                    if borrow_span.map(|sp| !sp.overlaps(var_or_use_span)).unwrap_or(true) {
                        err.span_label(
                            var_or_use_span,
                            format!("{borrow_desc}borrow later {message}"),
                        );
                    }
                } else {
                    // path_span must be `Some` as otherwise the if condition is true
                    let path_span = path_span.unwrap();
                    // path_span is only present in the case of closure capture
                    assert!(matches!(later_use_kind, LaterUseKind::ClosureCapture));
                    if !borrow_span.is_some_and(|sp| sp.overlaps(var_or_use_span)) {
                        let path_label = "used here by closure";
                        let capture_kind_label = message;
                        err.span_label(
                            var_or_use_span,
                            format!("{borrow_desc}borrow later {capture_kind_label}"),
                        );
                        err.span_label(path_span, path_label);
                    }
                }
            }
            BorrowExplanation::UsedLaterInLoop(later_use_kind, var_or_use_span, path_span) => {
                let message = match later_use_kind {
                    LaterUseKind::TraitCapture => {
                        "borrow captured here by trait object, in later iteration of loop"
                    }
                    LaterUseKind::ClosureCapture => {
                        "borrow captured here by closure, in later iteration of loop"
                    }
                    LaterUseKind::Call => "borrow used by call, in later iteration of loop",
                    LaterUseKind::FakeLetRead => "borrow later stored here",
                    LaterUseKind::Other => "borrow used here, in later iteration of loop",
                };
                // We can use `var_or_use_span` if either `path_span` is not present, or both spans are the same
                if path_span.map(|path_span| path_span == var_or_use_span).unwrap_or(true) {
                    err.span_label(var_or_use_span, format!("{borrow_desc}{message}"));
                } else {
                    // path_span must be `Some` as otherwise the if condition is true
                    let path_span = path_span.unwrap();
                    // path_span is only present in the case of closure capture
                    assert!(matches!(later_use_kind, LaterUseKind::ClosureCapture));
                    if borrow_span.map(|sp| !sp.overlaps(var_or_use_span)).unwrap_or(true) {
                        let path_label = "used here by closure";
                        let capture_kind_label = message;
                        err.span_label(
                            var_or_use_span,
                            format!("{borrow_desc}borrow later {capture_kind_label}"),
                        );
                        err.span_label(path_span, path_label);
                    }
                }
            }
            BorrowExplanation::UsedLaterWhenDropped {
                drop_loc,
                dropped_local,
                should_note_order,
            } => {
                let local_decl = &body.local_decls[dropped_local];
                let mut ty = local_decl.ty;
                if local_decl.source_info.span.desugaring_kind() == Some(DesugaringKind::ForLoop) {
                    if let ty::Adt(adt, args) = local_decl.ty.kind() {
                        if tcx.is_diagnostic_item(sym::Option, adt.did()) {
                            // in for loop desugaring, only look at the `Some(..)` inner type
                            ty = args.type_at(0);
                        }
                    }
                }
                let (dtor_desc, type_desc) = match ty.kind() {
                    // If type is an ADT that implements Drop, then
                    // simplify output by reporting just the ADT name.
                    ty::Adt(adt, _args) if adt.has_dtor(tcx) && !adt.is_box() => {
                        ("`Drop` code", format!("type `{}`", tcx.def_path_str(adt.did())))
                    }

                    // Otherwise, just report the whole type (and use
                    // the intentionally fuzzy phrase "destructor")
                    ty::Closure(..) => ("destructor", "closure".to_owned()),
                    ty::Generator(..) => ("destructor", "generator".to_owned()),

                    _ => ("destructor", format!("type `{}`", local_decl.ty)),
                };

                match local_names[dropped_local] {
                    Some(local_name) if !local_decl.from_compiler_desugaring() => {
                        let message = format!(
                            "{borrow_desc}borrow might be used here, when `{local_name}` is dropped \
                             and runs the {dtor_desc} for {type_desc}",
                        );
                        err.span_label(body.source_info(drop_loc).span, message);

                        if should_note_order {
                            err.note(
                                "values in a scope are dropped \
                                 in the opposite order they are defined",
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {
                        err.span_label(
                            local_decl.source_info.span,
                            format!(
                                "a temporary with access to the {borrow_desc}borrow \
                                 is created here ...",
                            ),
                        );
                        let message = format!(
                            "... and the {borrow_desc}borrow might be used here, \
                             when that temporary is dropped \
                             and runs the {dtor_desc} for {type_desc}",
                        );
                        err.span_label(body.source_info(drop_loc).span, message);

                        if let LocalInfo::BlockTailTemp(info) = local_decl.local_info() {
                            if info.tail_result_is_ignored {
                                // #85581: If the first mutable borrow's scope contains
                                // the second borrow, this suggestion isn't helpful.
                                if !multiple_borrow_span.is_some_and(|(old, new)| {
                                    old.to(info.span.shrink_to_hi()).contains(new)
                                }) {
                                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
                                        info.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                                        "consider adding semicolon after the expression so its \
                                        temporaries are dropped sooner, before the local variables \
                                        declared by the block are dropped",
                                        ";",
                                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                                    );
                                }
                            } else {
                                err.note(
                                    "the temporary is part of an expression at the end of a \
                                     block;\nconsider forcing this temporary to be dropped sooner, \
                                     before the block's local variables are dropped",
                                );
                                err.multipart_suggestion(
                                    "for example, you could save the expression's value in a new \
                                     local variable `x` and then make `x` be the expression at the \
                                     end of the block",
                                    vec![
                                        (info.span.shrink_to_lo(), "let x = ".to_string()),
                                        (info.span.shrink_to_hi(), "; x".to_string()),
                                    ],
                                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                                );
                            };
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            BorrowExplanation::MustBeValidFor {
                category,
                span,
                ref region_name,
                ref opt_place_desc,
                from_closure: _,
                ref extra_info,
            } => {
                region_name.highlight_region_name(err);

                if let Some(desc) = opt_place_desc {
                    err.span_label(
                        span,
                        format!(
                            "{}requires that `{desc}` is borrowed for `{region_name}`",
                            category.description(),
                        ),
                    );
                } else {
                    err.span_label(
                        span,
                        format!(
                            "{}requires that {borrow_desc}borrow lasts for `{region_name}`",
                            category.description(),
                        ),
                    );
                };

                for extra in extra_info {
                    match extra {
                        ExtraConstraintInfo::PlaceholderFromPredicate(span) => {
                            err.span_note(*span, "due to current limitations in the borrow checker, this implies a `'static` lifetime");
                        }
                    }
                }

                self.add_lifetime_bound_suggestion_to_diagnostic(err, &category, span, region_name);
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    fn add_lifetime_bound_suggestion_to_diagnostic(
        &self,
        err: &mut Diagnostic,
        category: &ConstraintCategory<'tcx>,
        span: Span,
        region_name: &RegionName,
    ) {
        if !span.is_desugaring(DesugaringKind::OpaqueTy) {
            return;
        }
        if let ConstraintCategory::OpaqueType = category {
            let suggestable_name =
                if region_name.was_named() { region_name.name } else { kw::UnderscoreLifetime };

            let msg = format!(
                "you can add a bound to the {}to make it last less than `'static` and match `{region_name}`",
                category.description(),
            );

            err.span_suggestion_verbose(
                span.shrink_to_hi(),
                msg,
                format!(" + {suggestable_name}"),
                Applicability::Unspecified,
            );
        }
    }
}

impl<'cx, 'tcx> MirBorrowckCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
    fn free_region_constraint_info(
        &self,
        borrow_region: RegionVid,
        outlived_region: RegionVid,
    ) -> (ConstraintCategory<'tcx>, bool, Span, Option<RegionName>, Vec<ExtraConstraintInfo>) {
        let (blame_constraint, extra_info) = self.regioncx.best_blame_constraint(
            borrow_region,
            NllRegionVariableOrigin::FreeRegion,
            |r| self.regioncx.provides_universal_region(r, borrow_region, outlived_region),
        );
        let BlameConstraint { category, from_closure, cause, .. } = blame_constraint;

        let outlived_fr_name = self.give_region_a_name(outlived_region);

        (category, from_closure, cause.span, outlived_fr_name, extra_info)
    }

    /// Returns structured explanation for *why* the borrow contains the
    /// point from `location`. This is key for the "3-point errors"
    /// [described in the NLL RFC][d].
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `borrow`: the borrow in question
    /// - `location`: where the borrow occurs
    /// - `kind_place`: if Some, this describes the statement that triggered the error.
    ///   - first half is the kind of write, if any, being performed
    ///   - second half is the place being accessed
    ///
    /// [d]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2094-nll.html#leveraging-intuition-framing-errors-in-terms-of-points
    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
    pub(crate) fn explain_why_borrow_contains_point(
        &self,
        location: Location,
        borrow: &BorrowData<'tcx>,
        kind_place: Option<(WriteKind, Place<'tcx>)>,
    ) -> BorrowExplanation<'tcx> {
        let regioncx = &self.regioncx;
        let body: &Body<'_> = &self.body;
        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;

        let borrow_region_vid = borrow.region;
        debug!(?borrow_region_vid);

        let mut region_sub = self.regioncx.find_sub_region_live_at(borrow_region_vid, location);
        debug!(?region_sub);

        let mut use_location = location;
        let mut use_in_later_iteration_of_loop = false;

        if region_sub == borrow_region_vid {
            // When `region_sub` is the same as `borrow_region_vid` (the location where the borrow is
            // issued is the same location that invalidates the reference), this is likely a loop iteration
            // - in this case, try using the loop terminator location in `find_sub_region_live_at`.
            if let Some(loop_terminator_location) =
                regioncx.find_loop_terminator_location(borrow.region, body)
            {
                region_sub = self
                    .regioncx
                    .find_sub_region_live_at(borrow_region_vid, loop_terminator_location);
                debug!("explain_why_borrow_contains_point: region_sub in loop={:?}", region_sub);
                use_location = loop_terminator_location;
                use_in_later_iteration_of_loop = true;
            }
        }

        match find_use::find(body, regioncx, tcx, region_sub, use_location) {
            Some(Cause::LiveVar(local, location)) => {
                let span = body.source_info(location).span;
                let spans = self
                    .move_spans(Place::from(local).as_ref(), location)
                    .or_else(|| self.borrow_spans(span, location));

                if use_in_later_iteration_of_loop {
                    let later_use = self.later_use_kind(borrow, spans, use_location);
                    BorrowExplanation::UsedLaterInLoop(later_use.0, later_use.1, later_use.2)
                } else {
                    // Check if the location represents a `FakeRead`, and adapt the error
                    // message to the `FakeReadCause` it is from: in particular,
                    // the ones inserted in optimized `let var = <expr>` patterns.
                    let later_use = self.later_use_kind(borrow, spans, location);
                    BorrowExplanation::UsedLater(later_use.0, later_use.1, later_use.2)
                }
            }

            Some(Cause::DropVar(local, location)) => {
                let mut should_note_order = false;
                if self.local_names[local].is_some()
                    && let Some((WriteKind::StorageDeadOrDrop, place)) = kind_place
                    && let Some(borrowed_local) = place.as_local()
                    && self.local_names[borrowed_local].is_some() && local != borrowed_local
                {
                    should_note_order = true;
                }

                BorrowExplanation::UsedLaterWhenDropped {
                    drop_loc: location,
                    dropped_local: local,
                    should_note_order,
                }
            }

            None => {
                if let Some(region) = self.to_error_region_vid(borrow_region_vid) {
                    let (category, from_closure, span, region_name, extra_info) =
                        self.free_region_constraint_info(borrow_region_vid, region);
                    if let Some(region_name) = region_name {
                        let opt_place_desc = self.describe_place(borrow.borrowed_place.as_ref());
                        BorrowExplanation::MustBeValidFor {
                            category,
                            from_closure,
                            span,
                            region_name,
                            opt_place_desc,
                            extra_info,
                        }
                    } else {
                        debug!("Could not generate a region name");
                        BorrowExplanation::Unexplained
                    }
                } else {
                    debug!("Could not generate an error region vid");
                    BorrowExplanation::Unexplained
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Determine how the borrow was later used.
    /// First span returned points to the location of the conflicting use
    /// Second span if `Some` is returned in the case of closures and points
    /// to the use of the path
    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
    fn later_use_kind(
        &self,
        borrow: &BorrowData<'tcx>,
        use_spans: UseSpans<'tcx>,
        location: Location,
    ) -> (LaterUseKind, Span, Option<Span>) {
        match use_spans {
            UseSpans::ClosureUse { capture_kind_span, path_span, .. } => {
                // Used in a closure.
                (LaterUseKind::ClosureCapture, capture_kind_span, Some(path_span))
            }
            UseSpans::PatUse(span)
            | UseSpans::OtherUse(span)
            | UseSpans::FnSelfUse { var_span: span, .. } => {
                let block = &self.body.basic_blocks[location.block];

                let kind = if let Some(&Statement {
                    kind: StatementKind::FakeRead(box (FakeReadCause::ForLet(_), place)),
                    ..
                }) = block.statements.get(location.statement_index)
                {
                    if let Some(l) = place.as_local()
                        && let local_decl = &self.body.local_decls[l]
                        && local_decl.ty.is_closure()
                    {
                        LaterUseKind::ClosureCapture
                    } else {
                        LaterUseKind::FakeLetRead
                    }
                } else if self.was_captured_by_trait_object(borrow) {
                    LaterUseKind::TraitCapture
                } else if location.statement_index == block.statements.len() {
                    if let TerminatorKind::Call { func, call_source: CallSource::Normal, .. } =
                        &block.terminator().kind
                    {
                        // Just point to the function, to reduce the chance of overlapping spans.
                        let function_span = match func {
                            Operand::Constant(c) => c.span,
                            Operand::Copy(place) | Operand::Move(place) => {
                                if let Some(l) = place.as_local() {
                                    let local_decl = &self.body.local_decls[l];
                                    if self.local_names[l].is_none() {
                                        local_decl.source_info.span
                                    } else {
                                        span
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    span
                                }
                            }
                        };
                        return (LaterUseKind::Call, function_span, None);
                    } else {
                        LaterUseKind::Other
                    }
                } else {
                    LaterUseKind::Other
                };

                (kind, span, None)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks if a borrowed value was captured by a trait object. We do this by
    /// looking forward in the MIR from the reserve location and checking if we see
    /// an unsized cast to a trait object on our data.
    fn was_captured_by_trait_object(&self, borrow: &BorrowData<'tcx>) -> bool {
        // Start at the reserve location, find the place that we want to see cast to a trait object.
        let location = borrow.reserve_location;
        let block = &self.body[location.block];
        let stmt = block.statements.get(location.statement_index);
        debug!("was_captured_by_trait_object: location={:?} stmt={:?}", location, stmt);

        // We make a `queue` vector that has the locations we want to visit. As of writing, this
        // will only ever have one item at any given time, but by using a vector, we can pop from
        // it which simplifies the termination logic.
        let mut queue = vec![location];
        let mut target =
            if let Some(Statement { kind: StatementKind::Assign(box (place, _)), .. }) = stmt {
                if let Some(local) = place.as_local() {
                    local
                } else {
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                return false;
            };

        debug!("was_captured_by_trait: target={:?} queue={:?}", target, queue);
        while let Some(current_location) = queue.pop() {
            debug!("was_captured_by_trait: target={:?}", target);
            let block = &self.body[current_location.block];
            // We need to check the current location to find out if it is a terminator.
            let is_terminator = current_location.statement_index == block.statements.len();
            if !is_terminator {
                let stmt = &block.statements[current_location.statement_index];
                debug!("was_captured_by_trait_object: stmt={:?}", stmt);

                // The only kind of statement that we care about is assignments...
                if let StatementKind::Assign(box (place, rvalue)) = &stmt.kind {
                    let Some(into) = place.local_or_deref_local() else {
                        // Continue at the next location.
                        queue.push(current_location.successor_within_block());
                        continue;
                    };

                    match rvalue {
                        // If we see a use, we should check whether it is our data, and if so
                        // update the place that we're looking for to that new place.
                        Rvalue::Use(operand) => match operand {
                            Operand::Copy(place) | Operand::Move(place) => {
                                if let Some(from) = place.as_local() {
                                    if from == target {
                                        target = into;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            _ => {}
                        },
                        // If we see an unsized cast, then if it is our data we should check
                        // whether it is being cast to a trait object.
                        Rvalue::Cast(
                            CastKind::PointerCoercion(PointerCoercion::Unsize),
                            operand,
                            ty,
                        ) => {
                            match operand {
                                Operand::Copy(place) | Operand::Move(place) => {
                                    if let Some(from) = place.as_local() {
                                        if from == target {
                                            debug!("was_captured_by_trait_object: ty={:?}", ty);
                                            // Check the type for a trait object.
                                            return match ty.kind() {
                                                // `&dyn Trait`
                                                ty::Ref(_, ty, _) if ty.is_trait() => true,
                                                // `Box<dyn Trait>`
                                                _ if ty.is_box() && ty.boxed_ty().is_trait() => {
                                                    true
                                                }
                                                // `dyn Trait`
                                                _ if ty.is_trait() => true,
                                                // Anything else.
                                                _ => false,
                                            };
                                        }
                                    }
                                    return false;
                                }
                                _ => return false,
                            }
                        }
                        _ => {}
                    }
                }

                // Continue at the next location.
                queue.push(current_location.successor_within_block());
            } else {
                // The only thing we need to do for terminators is progress to the next block.
                let terminator = block.terminator();
                debug!("was_captured_by_trait_object: terminator={:?}", terminator);

                if let TerminatorKind::Call { destination, target: Some(block), args, .. } =
                    &terminator.kind
                {
                    if let Some(dest) = destination.as_local() {
                        debug!(
                            "was_captured_by_trait_object: target={:?} dest={:?} args={:?}",
                            target, dest, args
                        );
                        // Check if one of the arguments to this function is the target place.
                        let found_target = args.iter().any(|arg| {
                            if let Operand::Move(place) = arg {
                                if let Some(potential) = place.as_local() {
                                    potential == target
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
                            } else {
                                false
                            }
                        });

                        // If it is, follow this to the next block and update the target.
                        if found_target {
                            target = dest;
                            queue.push(block.start_location());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            debug!("was_captured_by_trait: queue={:?}", queue);
        }

        // We didn't find anything and ran out of locations to check.
        false
    }
}