Fix a potential race in the CUDA TopK kernel (#19917)

### Description
If the `K` value is flowing through as a tensor, we are updating a
mutable member of the `TopK` class and basing the compute off that -
which is likely to cause data race issues with concurrent Run() calls
and `K` value changes.


### Motivation and Context
Fix potential race in CUDA TopK kernel

Author: hariharans29

Diff for: onnxruntime/core/providers/cuda/math/topk.cc

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ TopK<inputk>::TopK(const OpKernelInfo& info) : CudaKernel(info) {
   info.GetAttrOrDefault<int64_t>("largest", &largest_, 1);
   info.GetAttrOrDefault<int64_t>("sorted", &sorted_, 1);
   if (!inputk) {
-    info.GetAttrOrDefault<int64_t>("k", &K_, 0);
+    info.GetAttrOrDefault<int64_t>("k", &attr_k_, 0);
   }
 }
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ TopK<inputk>::TopK(const OpKernelInfo& info) : CudaKernel(info) {
                                 static_cast<int64_t*>(tensor_I->MutableDataRaw()), \
                                 elem_nums_cuda,                                    \
                                 elem_nums.size(),                                  \
-                                axis, K_, largest_, sorted_, N, dimension)
+                                axis, k_value, largest_, sorted_, N, dimension)
 
 template <bool inputk>
 Status TopK<inputk>::ComputeInternal(OpKernelContext* ctx) const {
@@ -77,19 +77,29 @@ Status TopK<inputk>::ComputeInternal(OpKernelContext* ctx) const {
   int32_t axis = static_cast<int32_t>(axis_ < 0 ? rank + axis_ : axis_);
   ORT_ENFORCE(axis > -1 && axis < rank);
 
+  int64_t k_value = 0;
   if (inputk) {
     auto tensor_K = ctx->Input<Tensor>(1);
     ORT_ENFORCE(nullptr != tensor_K);
-    K_ = *tensor_K->Data<int64_t>();
-    ORT_ENFORCE(K_ >= 0 && K_ <= tensor_X->Shape().GetDims()[axis]);
+    k_value = *tensor_K->Data<int64_t>();
+  } else {  // from attribute
+    k_value = attr_k_;
   }
 
-  auto output_shape = tensor_X->Shape();
-  output_shape[axis] = K_;
+  // Now that we know the value of 'K' and the input shape,
+  // make a final validation before going to the implementation
+  const auto& input_shape = tensor_X->Shape();
+  if ((k_value < 0) || (k_value > input_shape.GetDims()[axis])) {
+    return ORT_MAKE_STATUS(ONNXRUNTIME, INVALID_ARGUMENT, "Value of K outside range. K value: ", k_value,
+                           ". Input shape: ", input_shape, " . Axis: ", axis);
+  }
+
+  auto output_shape = input_shape;
+  output_shape[axis] = k_value;
   auto tensor_V = ctx->Output(0, output_shape);
   auto tensor_I = ctx->Output(1, output_shape);
 
-  if (0 == K_) {
+  if (output_shape.Size() == 0) {  // Bail out early if the output is going to be empty
     return Status::OK();
   }
 

Diff for: onnxruntime/core/providers/cuda/math/topk.h

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class TopK final : public CudaKernel {
   int64_t axis_;
   int64_t largest_;
   int64_t sorted_;
-  mutable int64_t K_;
+  int64_t attr_k_;
 };
 }  // namespace cuda
 }  // namespace onnxruntime