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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>NSMNTX User Guide</title>
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<body class="article toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>NSMNTX User Guide</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#Install">Installation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_feedback">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="#_acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Import">Importing RDF data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_filtering_triples_by_predicate">Filtering triples by predicate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_handling_multivalued_properties">Handling multivalued properties</a></li>
<li><a href="#_handling_language_tags">Handling language tags</a></li>
<li><a href="#_filtering_triples_by_language_tag">Filtering triples by language tag</a></li>
<li><a href="#_handling_custom_data_types">Handling custom data types</a></li>
<li><a href="#_classess_as_nodes_instead_of_labels">Classess as Nodes (instead of Labels)</a></li>
<li><a href="#ImportQuadRDF">Handling named graphs (RDF Quads)</a></li>
<li><a href="#advancedfetching">Advanced settings for fetching RDF</a></li>
<li><a href="#custom_ns">Defining custom prefixes for namespaces</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#DeleteRDF">Deleting RDF</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_handling_named_graphs_rdf_quads">Handling named graphs (RDF Quads)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#OntoImport">Importing Ontologies</a></li>
<li><a href="#Preview">Previewing RDF data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_streaming_triples">Streaming triples</a></li>
<li><a href="#_previewing_rdf_data">Previewing RDF data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Export">Exporting RDF data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_by_node_id">By node ID</a></li>
<li><a href="#_by_uri">By URI</a></li>
<li><a href="#_by_label_property_value">By Label + property value</a></li>
<li><a href="#_using_cypher">Using Cypher</a></li>
<li><a href="#_export_graph_ontology">Export Graph Ontology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Mapping">Mapping graph models</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_public_vocabularies_ontologies">Public Vocabularies/Ontologies</a></li>
<li><a href="#_defining_mappings">Defining mappings</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mappings_for_export">Mappings for export</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mappings_for_import">Mappings for import</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Inference">Inferencing/Reasoning</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_hierarchies_of_categories">Hierarchies of Categories</a></li>
<li><a href="#_hierarchies_of_relationships">Hierarchies of Relationships</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Reference">NSMNTX Reference</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_stored_procedures">Stored Procedures</a></li>
<li><a href="#_utility_functions">Utility Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_extensions_http_endpoints">Extensions (HTTP endpoints)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Examples">Projects using NSMNTX</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div id="introduction" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center;float: right">
<div class="content">
<img src="docs/img/nsmntx-block-diagram.png" alt="NSMNTX diagram" width="200">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_introduction"><a class="link" href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NSMNTX is a plugin that enables the <strong>use of RDF in Neo4j</strong>. <a href="https://www.w3.org/RDF/">RDF is a W3C standard model</a> for data interchange.
This effectively means that NSMNTX makes it possible to</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Store RDF data in Neo4j</strong> in a
lossless manner (imported RDF can subsequently be exported without losing a single triple in the process).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On-demand <strong>export property graph data</strong> from Neo4j <strong>as RDF</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other features in NSMNTX include <strong>model mapping</strong> and <strong>inferencing</strong> on Neo4j graphs.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="Install"><a class="link" href="#Install">Installation</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can either download a prebuilt jar from the <a href="https://github.com/jbarrasa/neosemantics/releases">releases area</a> or build it from the source. If you prefer to build, check the note below.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Copy the the jar(s) in the <NEO_HOME>/plugins directory of your Neo4j instance. (<strong>note:</strong> If you’re going to use the JSON-LD serialisation format for RDF, you’ll need to include also <a href="https://neo4j-contrib.github.io/neo4j-apoc-procedures/">APOC</a>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add the following line to your <NEO_HOME>/conf/neo4j.conf (notice that it is possible to modify where the extension is mounted by using an alternative name to <code>/rdf</code> below).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>dbms.unmanaged_extension_classes=semantics.extension=/rdf</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Restart the server.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Check that the installation went well by running</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">call dbms.procedures()</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The list of procedures should include the ones documented below.
You can check that the extension is mounted by running</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">:GET /rdf/ping</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Note on build</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you run</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-shell" data-lang="shell"> mvn clean package</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>it will produce two jars</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>A neosemantics-[…​].jar This jar bundles all the dependencies.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>An original-neosemantics-[…​].jar This jar is just the neosemantics bit. So go this way if you want to keep the third party jars separate. In this case you will have to add all third party dependencies (look at the pom.xml).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_feedback"><a class="link" href="#_feedback">Feedback</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Please provide feedback and report bugs as <a href="https://github.com/jbarrasa/neosemantics/issues">GitHub issues</a> or join the <a href="https://community.neo4j.com/">Neo4j Community</a> forum.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_acknowledgements"><a class="link" href="#_acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NSMNTX uses <a href="https://rdf4j.eclipse.org/">rdf4j</a> for parsing and serialising RDF. Eclipse rdf4j is a powerful Java framework for processing and handling RDF data.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="Import"><a class="link" href="#Import">Importing RDF data</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The main method for importing RDF is <code>semantics.importRDF</code>. It imports and persists into Neo4j the triples returned by an url. This url can point to an RDF file (local or remote) or a service producing RDF dynamically. More on how to parameterise the access to web services in section x[link].</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All import procedures take the following three parameters:</p>
</div>
<table id="common_params" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Parameter</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Type</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">url</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">String</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">URL of the dataset</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">format</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">String</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">serialization format. Valid formats are: Turtle, N-Triples, JSON-LD, RDF/XML, <strong>TriG and N-Quads</strong> (For named graphs)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">params</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Map</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Optional set of parameters (see description in table below)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Note</strong> that for this method to run, an index needs to exist on property <code>uri</code> of nodes labeled as <code>Resource</code> so if you have not done it, just run the following command on your DB or the <code>semantics.importRDF</code> procedure will remind you with an error messsage.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CREATE INDEX ON :Resource(uri)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In its most basic form the <code>semantics.importRDF</code> method just takes the url string to access the RDF data and the serialisation format. Let’s say you’re trying to load the following set of triples into Neo4j.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-RDF" data-lang="RDF">@prefix neo4voc: <http://neo4j.org/vocab/sw#> .
@prefix neo4ind: <http://neo4j.org/ind#> .
neo4ind:nsmntx3502 neo4voc:name "NSMNTX" ;
a neo4voc:Neo4jPlugin ;
neo4voc:version "3.5.0.2" ;
neo4voc:releaseDate "03-06-2019" ;
neo4voc:runsOn neo4ind:neo4j355 .
neo4ind:apoc3502 neo4voc:name "APOC" ;
a neo4voc:Neo4jPlugin ;
neo4voc:version "3.5.0.4" ;
neo4voc:releaseDate "05-31-2019" ;
neo4voc:runsOn neo4ind:neo4j355 .
neo4ind:graphql3502 neo4voc:name "Neo4j-GraphQL" ;
a neo4voc:Neo4jPlugin ;
neo4voc:version "3.5.0.3" ;
neo4voc:releaseDate "05-05-2019" ;
neo4voc:runsOn neo4ind:neo4j355 .
neo4ind:neo4j355 neo4voc:name "neo4j" ;
a neo4voc:GraphPlatform , neo4voc:AwesomePlatform ;
neo4voc:version "3.5.5" .</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can save them to your local drive or access them directly <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbarrasa/neosemantics/3.5/docs/rdf/nsmntx.ttl">here</a>. All you’ll need to provide to NSMNTX is the location (<code>file://</code> or <code>http://</code>) and the serialisation used, <code>Turtle</code> in this case.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbarrasa/neosemantics/3.5/docs/rdf/nsmntx.ttl","Turtle")</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NSMNTX will import the RDF data and persist it into your Neo4j graph as the following structure</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="docs/img/nsmntx-annotated.png" alt="RDF data imported in Neo4j">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The first thing we notice is that dataType properties in your RDF have been converted into node properties and object properties are now relationships connecting nodes. Every node represents a resource and has a property with its uri. Similarly, rdf:type statements are transformed into node labels. That’s pretty much it but if you are interested, there is a complete description of the way triple data is transformed into Property Graph data for storage in Neo4j in <a href="https://jesusbarrasa.wordpress.com/2016/06/07/importing-rdf-data-into-neo4j/">this post</a>.
You will also notice a terminology/vocabulary transformation applied by default. The URIs identifying the elments in the RDF data (resources, properties, etc) have their namespace part shortened to make them more human readable and easier to query with Cypher.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In our example, <code><a href="http://neo4j.org/vocab/sw#name" class="bare">http://neo4j.org/vocab/sw#name</a></code> has been shortened to <code>ns0_\_name</code> (notice the double underscore separator used between the prefix and teh local name in the URI). Similarly, <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type" class="bare">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</a></code> would be shortened to <code>rdf\_\_type</code> and so on…​</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Prefixes for custom namespaces are assigned sequentially (<code>ns0</code>, <code>ns1</code>, etc) as they appear in the imported RDF. This is the default behavior but we’ll see later on that it is possible to control that, and use custom prefixes. More details in section <a href="#custom_ns">Defining custom prefixes for namespaces</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Keeping namespaces can be important if you care about being able to regenerate the imported RDF as we will see in section <a href="#Export">Exporting RDF data</a>. If you don’t care about that, you can ignore the namespaces by setting the <code>handleVocabUris</code> parameter to <code>'IGNORE'</code> and namespaces will be lost on import. If you run the import with this setting only the local names of URIs will be kept. Here’s what that would look like:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://.../nsmntx.ttl","Turtle", { handleVocabUris: "IGNORE" })</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The imported graph will look something like the following one, in which the names for labels, properties and relationships are more of the kind you’re use to work with in Neo4j:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="docs/img/nsmntx-ignore-annotated.png" alt="RDF data imported in Neo4j ignoring namespaces">
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Important</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
The first great thing about getting your RDF data into Neo4j is that now you can query it with Cypher
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here’s an example that showcases the difference: Let’s say you want to produce a <em>list of plugins that run on Neo4j and what’s the latest versions of each</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If your RDF data is stored in a triple store, you would need to use the SPARQL query on the left to answer the question. To the right you can see the same thing expressed with Cypher in Neo4j.</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">SPARQL</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Cypher</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql">prefix neovoc: <http://neo4j.org/vocab/sw#>
prefix neoind: <http://neo4j.org/ind#>
prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
SELECT ?pluginName
(MAX(?ver) as ?latestVersion)
WHERE {
?plugin rdf:type neovoc:Neo4jPlugin ;
neovoc:runsOn ?neosrv ;
neovoc:name ?pluginName ;
neovoc:version ?ver .
?neosrv rdf:type neovoc:GraphPlatform ;
neovoc:name "neo4j"
}
GROUP BY ?pluginName</code></pre>
</div>
</div></div></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">MATCH (n:Neo4jPlugin)-[:runsOn]->(p:GraphPlatform)
WHERE p.name = "neo4j"
RETURN n.name, MAX(n.version)</code></pre>
</div>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We’ve seen how to shorten RDF uris into more readable names using namespace prefixes, and we’ve also seen how to ignore them completely. There is a third option: You can keep the complete uris in property names, labels and relationships in the graph by setting the <code>handleVocabUris</code> property to <code>"KEEP"</code>. The result will not be pretty and your cypher queries will be horrible, but hey, the option is there. Here’s an example on the same RDF file:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://.../nsmntx.ttl","Turtle", { handleVocabUris: "KEEP" })</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="docs/img/nsmntx-keep-annotated.png" alt="RDF data imported in Neo4j keeping namespaces">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The imported graph in this case has the same structure, of course, but uses full uris as labels, relationships an property names.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_filtering_triples_by_predicate"><a class="link" href="#_filtering_triples_by_predicate">Filtering triples by predicate</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Something you may need to do when importing RDF data into Neo4j is exclude certain triples so that they are not persisted in your Neo4j graph. This is useful when only a portion of the RDF data is relevant to your projecty. The exclusion is done by predicate type <em>"I don’t need to load the version property, or the release date"</em>, all you’ll need to do is provide the list of URIs of the predicates you want excluded in parameter <code>predicateExclList</code>. Note that the list needs to contain full URIs.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://jbarrasa.github.io/neosemantics/docs/rdf/nsmntx.ttl","Turtle", { handleVocabUris: "IGNORE" , predicateExclusionList : [ "http://neo4j.org/vocab/sw#version", "http://neo4j.org/vocab/sw#releaseDate"] })</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_handling_multivalued_properties"><a class="link" href="#_handling_multivalued_properties">Handling multivalued properties</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In RDF multiple values for the same property are just multiple triples. For example, you can have multiple alternative names for an individual like in the next RDF fragment:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-RDF" data-lang="RDF"><neo4j://individual/JB> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://neo4j.org/voc#Person> .
<neo4j://individual/JB> <http://neo4j.org/voc#name> "J. Barrasa" .
<neo4j://individual/JB> <http://neo4j.org/voc#altName> "JB" .
<neo4j://individual/JB> <http://neo4j.org/voc#altName> "Jesús" .
<neo4j://individual/JB> <http://neo4j.org/voc#altName> "Dr J" .</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>NSMNTX default behavior is to keep only one value for literal properties and it will be the last one read in the triples parsed. So if you run a straight import on that data like this</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://jbarrasa.github.io/neosemantics/docs/rdf/multivalued1.nt","N-Triples")</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Only the last value for the multivalued <code>altName</code> property will be kept.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">MATCH (n:ns0__Person)
RETURN n.ns0__name as name, n.ns0__altName as altName</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>returns</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">╒════════════╤═════════╕
│"name" │"altName"│
╞════════════╪═════════╡
│"J. Barrasa"│"Dr J" │
└────────────┴─────────┘</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This makes things simple and will be perfect if your dataset does not have multivalued properties. It can also be fine if keeping only one value is acceptable, either because the property is not critical or because one value is enough. There will be other cases though, where we do need to keep all the values, and here’s where the config parameter <code>handleMultival</code> will help. Here’s how:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://jbarrasa.github.io/neosemantics/docs/rdf/multivalued1.nt","N-Triples", { handleMultival: 'ARRAY' })</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now all properties are stored as arrays in Neo4j. Even the ones that have one value only! But we can do better than that, let’s have a look at another example.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following Turtle RDF fragment with the description of a news article. The article has a number of keykeywords associated with it.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-RDF" data-lang="RDF">@prefix og: <http://ogp.me/ns#> .
@prefix nyt: <http://nyt.com/voc/> .
<nyt://article/a17a9514-73e7-51be-8ade-283e84a6cd87>
a og:article ;
og:title "Bengal Tigers May Not Survive Climate Change" ;
og:url "https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/science/tigers-climate-change-sundarbans.html" ;
og:description "The tigers of the Sundarbans may be gone in fifty years, according to study" ;
nyt:keyword "Climate Change", "Endangered Species", "Global Warming", "India", "Poaching" .</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We want to make sure we keep all values for the <code>nyt:keyword</code> property. The natural way to do this in Neo4j is storing them in an array, so we’ll instruct NSMNTX to do that by setting the <code>handleMultival</code> to <code>'ARRAY'</code> and the <code>multivalPropList</code> to the list of property types that are multivalued and we want stored as arrays of values. In the example the list will only contain <code>'http://nyt.com/voc/keyword'</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here’s teh import command that we need. Note that I’m combining the multivalued property config setting with the <code>handleVocabUris</code> set to false (the interested reader can try to drop this config and get URIS shortened with prefixes instead):</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://jbarrasa.github.io/neosemantics/docs/rdf/multivalued2.ttl","Turtle", { handleVocabUris: "IGNORE", handleMultival: 'ARRAY', multivalPropList : ['http://nyt.com/voc/keyword']})</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>And here’s what the result of the import would look like:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="docs/img/multivalued1.png" alt="Multivalued properties loaded as arrays in Neo4j">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When we analyse the result in the Neo4j browser we realise that there’s only one node for the nine triples imported! Yes, keep in mind that all triples in our RDF fragment are datatype properties, or in other words, properties with literal values, which are stored in Neo4j as node properties. All the statements are there, <strong>no data is lost</strong>, it’s just stored as the internal structure of the node. We can see all properties on the table view on the left hand side of the image.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that this time only the properties listed in the <code>multivalPropList</code> config parameter are stored as arrays, the rest are kept as atomic values.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock warning">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Warning</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
Remember that if we set <code>handleMultival</code> to <code>'ARRAY'</code> but we don’t provide a list of property URIs as <code>multivalPropList</code> ALL literal properties will be stored as arrays.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here’s an example of how to query the multiple values of the keyword property: <em>Give me articles tagged with the "Global Warming" keyword</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">MATCH (a:article)
WHERE "Global Warming" IN a.keyword
RETURN a.title as title</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">╒══════════════════════════════════════════════╕
│"title" │
╞══════════════════════════════════════════════╡
│"Bengal Tigers May Not Survive Climate Change"│
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
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<h3 id="_handling_language_tags"><a class="link" href="#_handling_language_tags">Handling language tags</a></h3>
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<p>Literal values in RDF can be tagged with language information. This can be used in any context but it’s common to find it used in combination with multivalued properties to create multilingual descriptions for items in a dataset. In the following example we have a description of a TV series with a multivalued property <code>show:localName</code> where each of the values is annotated with the language.</p>
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<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-RDF" data-lang="RDF">@prefix show: <http://example.org/vocab/show/> .
@prefix indiv: <http://example.org/ind/> .
ind:218 a show:TVSeries
ind:218 show:name "That Seventies Show" .
ind:218 show:localName "That Seventies Show"@en .
ind:218 show:localName 'Cette Série des Années Soixante-dix'@fr .
ind:218 show:localName "Cette Série des Années Septante"@fr-be .</code></pre>
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<p>By default, NSMNTX will strip out the language tags but if you want to keep them you’ll need to set the <code>keepLangTag</code> to <code>true</code>. If we uset it in combination with the setting required to keep all values of a property stored in an array, the import invocation would look something like this:</p>
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<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://jbarrasa.github.io/neosemantics/docs/rdf/multilang.ttl","Turtle", { keepLangTag: true, handleMultival: 'ARRAY', multivalPropList : ['http://example.org/vocab/show/localName']})</code></pre>
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<p>When you import literal values keeping the language annotation, you’ll see that string values have a suffix like <code>@fr</code> for French language, <code>@zh-cmn-Hant</code> for Mandarin Chinese traditional, and so on.
The function <code>getLangValue</code> can be used to get the value for a particular language tag. It returns null when there is not a value for the selected language tag.
The following Cypher fragment returns the french version of a property and when not found, defaults to the english version.</p>
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<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">MATCH (n:Resource) RETURN coalesce(semantics.getLangValue("fr",n.ns0__localName), semantics.getLangValue("en",n.ns0__localName))</code></pre>
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<h3 id="_filtering_triples_by_language_tag"><a class="link" href="#_filtering_triples_by_language_tag">Filtering triples by language tag</a></h3>
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<p>Language tags can also be used as a filter criteria. If we are only interested in a particular language when loading a multilingual dataset, we can set a filter so only literal values with a given language tag (or untagged ones) are imported into Neo4j. The configuration parameter that does it is <code>languageFilter</code> and you’ll need to set it to the relevant tag, for instance 'es' for literals in Spanish language. Here’s what such a configuration would look like:</p>
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<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-cypher" data-lang="cypher">CALL semantics.importRDF("http://jbarrasa.github.io/neosemantics/docs/rdf/multilang.ttl","Turtle", { languageFilter: 'es'})</code></pre>
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