diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst
index f77a55b95d567..62c90e32fad2d 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst
@@ -437,6 +437,7 @@ Plotting
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.plot` was rotating xticklabels when ``subplots=True``, even if the x-axis wasn't an irregular time series (:issue:`29460`)
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.plot` where a marker letter in the ``style`` keyword sometimes causes a ``ValueError`` (:issue:`21003`)
 - Twinned axes were losing their tick labels which should only happen to all but the last row or column of 'externally' shared axes (:issue:`33819`)
+- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.boxplot` was raising ``ValueError`` when plotting with ``vert=False`` on a subplot with shared axes (:issue:`36918`)
 
 Groupby/resample/rolling
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/boxplot.py b/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/boxplot.py
index 8ceba22b1f7a4..906413bd6c764 100644
--- a/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/boxplot.py
+++ b/pandas/plotting/_matplotlib/boxplot.py
@@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ def boxplot(
 ):
 
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    from matplotlib.ticker import FixedFormatter, FixedLocator
 
     # validate return_type:
     if return_type not in BoxPlot._valid_return_types:
@@ -302,15 +303,15 @@ def plot_group(keys, values, ax: "Axes"):
         bp = ax.boxplot(values, **kwds)
         if fontsize is not None:
             ax.tick_params(axis="both", labelsize=fontsize)
+
         if kwds.get("vert", 1):
-            ticks = ax.get_xticks()
-            if len(ticks) != len(keys):
-                i, remainder = divmod(len(ticks), len(keys))
-                assert remainder == 0, remainder
-                keys *= i
-            ax.set_xticklabels(keys, rotation=rot)
+            axis = ax.xaxis
         else:
-            ax.set_yticklabels(keys, rotation=rot)
+            axis = ax.yaxis
+        positions = kwds.get("positions", list(range(1, 1 + len(values))))
+        axis.set_major_locator(FixedLocator(positions))
+        axis.set_major_formatter(FixedFormatter(keys))
+        ax.tick_params(axis=axis.axis_name, which="major", rotation=rot)
         maybe_color_bp(bp, **kwds)
 
         # Return axes in multiplot case, maybe revisit later # 985
diff --git a/pandas/tests/plotting/test_boxplot_method.py b/pandas/tests/plotting/test_boxplot_method.py
index 0a096acc9fa6d..85f52675769a1 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/plotting/test_boxplot_method.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/plotting/test_boxplot_method.py
@@ -218,6 +218,28 @@ def test_specified_props_kwd(self, props, expected):
 
         assert result[expected][0].get_color() == "C1"
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("vert", [(True), (False)])
+    def test_boxplot_multiple_times_same_axis(self, vert):
+        # GH 37107
+        df = DataFrame(np.random.random((100, 5)), columns=["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"])
+
+        fig, ax = self.plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=1)
+        df.boxplot(ax=ax, vert=vert, fontsize=10, rot=10)
+        df.boxplot(ax=ax, vert=vert, fontsize=10, rot=10)
+
+        # In order for the ticklabels to be placed, the plot has to be drawn
+        fig.canvas.draw()
+
+        if vert:
+            self._check_ticks_props(ax, xlabelsize=10, xrot=10)
+        else:
+            self._check_ticks_props(ax, ylabelsize=10, yrot=10)
+
+        axis = ax.xaxis if vert else ax.yaxis
+        self._check_text_labels(
+            axis.get_ticklabels(which="major"), ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]
+        )
+
 
 @td.skip_if_no_mpl
 class TestDataFrameGroupByPlots(TestPlotBase):