gh-119786: copy compiler doc from devguide to InternalDocs and convert to markdown (#120134)

* gh-119876: move compiler doc from devguide to InternalDocs

Copy of python/devguide@78fc0d7

Co-Authored-By: Adam Turner <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Adam Turner <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Brett Cannon <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Carol Willing <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Daniel Porteous <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Dennis Sweeney <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Éric Araujo <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Erlend Egeberg Aasland <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Ezio Melotti <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Georg Brandl <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Guido van Rossum <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Hugo van Kemenade <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Irit Katriel <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Jeff Allen <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Jim Fasarakis-Hilliard <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Ken Jin <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Lincoln <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Mariatta <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Muhammad Mahad <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Ned Deily <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Pablo Galindo Salgado <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Serhiy Storchaka <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Stéphane Wirtel <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Suriyaa ✌️️ <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Zachary Ware <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: psyker156 <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: slateny <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: svelankar <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: zikcheng <[email protected]>

* convert to markdown

* add to index

* update more of the out of date stuff

---------

Co-authored-by: Adam Turner <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Brett Cannon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Carol Willing <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Daniel Porteous <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dennis Sweeney <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Éric Araujo <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Erlend Egeberg Aasland <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ezio Melotti <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Georg Brandl <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Guido van Rossum <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Hugo van Kemenade <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Jeff Allen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Jim Fasarakis-Hilliard <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ken Jin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Lincoln <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Mariatta <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Muhammad Mahad <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ned Deily <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Pablo Galindo Salgado <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Serhiy Storchaka <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Stéphane Wirtel <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Suriyaa ✌️️ <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Zachary Ware <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: psyker156 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: slateny <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: svelankar <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: zikcheng <[email protected]>

Author: 28 people

InternalDocs/README.md

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ it is not, please report that through the
 [issue tracker](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues).
 
 
+[Compiler Design](compiler.md)
+
 [Exception Handling](exception_handling.md)
 
 [Adaptive Instruction Families](adaptive.md)