Remove the Partial type class guide, refs documentationjs#96 (documentationjs#240)

Link to the purescript-partial library instead, which is where the guide
now lives.

I've kept this page for now instead of removing it completely, because
the compiler's Prim docs page still links to it as of 0.12.2 (see:
<https://pursuit.purescript.org/builtins/docs/Prim#t:Partial>)

Author: hdgarrood

README.md

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ This repository is a collaborative effort, so please feel free to make a pull re
 - [Contrib Library Guidelines](guides/Contrib-Guidelines.md)
 - [Error Suggestions](guides/Error-Suggestions.md)
 - [psc-ide FAQ](guides/psc-ide-FAQ.md)
-- [The `Partial` type class](guides/The-Partial-type-class.md)
 - [Try PureScript Help](https://github.com/purescript/trypurescript/blob/gh-pages/README.md)
 
 

errors/NoInstanceFound.md

@@ -53,14 +53,9 @@ To fix this, consider adding a type signature:
 better = show (mempty :: String)
 ```
 
-### Partial type class
+### Partial type class & non-exhaustive patterns
 
-
-(Please contribute an example)
-
-### Partial type class & Non-exhaustive patterns
-
-This error can occur if your code fails to propagate `Partial` constraints properly. For an introduction to the `Partial` type class, please see [The Partial type class](../guides/The-Partial-type-class.md) or the note [below](#Exhaustivity-Errors).
+This error can occur if your code fails to propagate `Partial` constraints properly. For an introduction to the `Partial` type class, please see the [purescript-partial library](https://pursuit.purescript.org/packages/purescript-partial).
 
 As an example of this situation, consider the following function definition:
 

guides/The-Partial-type-class.md

@@ -1,207 +1,3 @@
-## Why have a Partial type class?
+# This guide has moved to the [purescript-partial library][partial]
 
-Every now and then, you will want to use *partial functions;* that is,
-functions which don't handle every possible case of their inputs. For example,
-there is a function `fromJust :: ∀ a. Partial ⇒ Maybe a → a` in `Data.Maybe`,
-which gives you the value inside a `Just` value, or throws an error if given
-`Nothing`.
-
-It's important that types tell the truth wherever possible, because this is a
-large part of what allows us to understand PureScript code easily and refactor
-it fearlessly.  However, in certain contexts, you know that e.g. an `Either`
-value is always going to be `Right`, but you can't prove that to the type
-checker, and so you want an escape hatch so that you can write a function that
-doesn't have to deal with the `Left` case. This is often the case when
-performance is important, for instance.
-
-Previously, partial functions have been indicated by putting the word "unsafe"
-at the start of their names, or by putting them in an "Unsafe" module. For
-instance, there was previously an `unsafeIndex` function in
-`Data.Array.Unsafe`, and `fromJust` used to be in `Data.Maybe.Unsafe`. However,
-this is not ideal, because the fact that these functions are partial, and
-therefore unsafe if used carelessly, does not appear in the type. Consequently,
-there is little to stop you from using it in an inappropriate manner by
-accident.
-
-The Partial type class allows us to put this information back into the types,
-and thereby allows us to clearly demarcate which parts of your code are
-responsible for making that sure unsafe functions are used in a safe manner.
-
-## I just want to use a partial function, please
-
-If you try to just use a partial function, you'll most likely get an error
-about no instance being found for the `Partial` class. Take this program, for
-instance:
-
-```purescript
-module Main where
-
-import Prelude
-import Data.Maybe (Maybe(..), fromJust)
-import Control.Monad.Eff (Eff)
-import Control.Monad.Eff.Console (CONSOLE, logShow)
-
-main :: forall eff. Eff (console :: CONSOLE | eff) Unit
-main = logShow (fromJust (Just 3))
-```
-
-Because `fromJust` is partial, and because the partiality hasn't been
-explicitly handled, you'll get an error:
-
-```
-at src/Main.purs line 8, column 1 - line 8, column 56
-
-  No type class instance was found for
-
-    Prim.Partial
-```
-
-*Aside: Yes, this is not a fantastic error. It's going to get better soon.*
-
-The solution is usually to add an application of `unsafePartial` somewhere,
-like this:
-
-```purescript
-module Main where
-
-import Prelude
-import Data.Maybe (Maybe(..), fromJust)
-import Control.Monad.Eff (Eff)
-import Control.Monad.Eff.Console (CONSOLE, logShow)
-import Partial.Unsafe (unsafePartial)
-
-main :: forall eff. Eff (console :: CONSOLE | eff) Unit
-main = logShow (unsafePartial (fromJust (Just 3)))
-```
-
-## Where should I put unsafePartial?
-
-The rule of thumb is to put `unsafePartial` at the level of your program such
-that the types tell the truth, and the part of your program responsible for
-making sure a use of a partial function is safe is also the part where the
-`unsafePartial` is. This is perhaps best demonstrated with an example.
-
-Imagine that we want to represent vectors in 3D with an array containing
-exactly 3 values (perhaps we want to use them with some other API that expects
-this representation, and we don't want to be converting back and forth all the
-time). In this case, we would usually use a `newtype` and avoid exporting the
-constructor:
-
-```purescript
-module Data.V3
-  ( V3()
-  , makeV3
-  , runV3
-  ) where
-
-newtype V3 = V3 (Array Number)
-
-makeV3 :: Number -> Number -> Number -> V3
-makeV3 x y z = V3 [x, y, z]
-
-runV3 :: V3 -> Array Number
-runV3 (V3 v) = v
-```
-
-This way, all of the functions are safe; the code will guarantee that any `V3`
-does contain exactly 3 values (although the type checker is not aware of this).
-
-Now imagine we want to write a dot product function:
-
-```purescript
-dot :: V3 -> V3 -> Number
-dot (V3 [x1, x2, x3]) (V3 [y1, y2, y3]) = x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3
-```
-
-We know this is ok, but the compiler disallows it:
-
-```
-A case expression could not be determined to cover all inputs.
-The following additional cases are required to cover all inputs:
-
-  (V3 _) _
-  _      (V3 _)
-
-Alternatively, add a Partial constraint to the type of the enclosing value.
-
-in value declaration dot
-```
-
-In this case, we can use `unsafePartial` to explicitly say that we don't
-actually need to worry about those other cases, and therefore we don't want to
-propagate a `Partial` constraint; users of this `dot` function should not have
-to worry about this partiality. For example:
-
-```purescript
-dot :: V3 -> V3 -> Number
-dot x y = Partial.Unsafe.unsafePartial (go x y)
-  where
-  go :: Partial => V3 -> V3 -> Number
-  go (V3 [x1, x2, x3]) (V3 [y1, y2, y3]) = x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3
-  -- This second pattern can be omitted, but provides a better error message
-  -- in case we do get an invalid argument at runtime.
-  go _ _ = Partial.crash "Bad argument: expected exactly 3 elements."
-```
-
-The `unsafePartial` function comes from the `Partial.Unsafe` module, in the
-`purescript-partial` package.
-
-In this case, we could also use `Partial.Unsafe.unsafeCrashWith`:
-
-```purescript
-dot :: V3 -> V3 -> Number
-dot (V3 [x1, x2, x3]) (V3 [y1, y2, y3]) = x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3
-dot _ _ = unsafeCrashWith "Bad argument: expected exactly 3 elements."
-```
-
-Both implementations will behave in the same way.
-
-In this case, we know our `dot` implementation is fine, and so users of it
-should not have to worry about its partiality, so it makes sense to avoid
-propagating the constraint. Now, we will see another case where a `Partial`
-constraint *should* be propagated.
-
-Let us suppose we want a `foldr1` function, which works in a very similar way
-to `foldr` on Lists, except that it doesn't require an initial value to be
-passed, and instead requires that the list argument contains at least one
-element.
-
-We can implement it like this:
-
-```purescript
-foldr1 f (Cons x xs) = foldr f x xs
-```
-
-The compiler infers the correct type here, which is:
-
-```purescript
-foldr1 :: forall a. Partial => (a -> a -> a) -> List a -> a
-```
-
-Now imagine we want a version of `Data.Foldable.minimum` which returns an `a`
-instead of a `Maybe a`, and is therefore partial. We can implement it in terms
-of our new `foldr1` function:
-
-```purescript
-minimumP = foldr1 min
-```
-
-Again, the compiler infers the correct type:
-
-```purescript
-minimumP :: forall a. (Partial, Ord a) => List a -> a
-```
-
-Notice that the `Partial` constraint is automatically propagated to the
-`minimumP` function because of the use of another partial function in its
-definition, namely `foldr1`. In this case, this is what we want; we should
-propagate the `Partial` constraint, because it is still the caller's
-responsibility to make sure they supply a non-empty list.
-
-So hopefully it is now clear why this partiality checking is implemented in
-terms of a type class: it allows us to elegantly reuse existing machinery in
-the type checker in order to check that a Partial constraint is either
-explictly handled or propagated. This should help ensure that when you're
-reading the code a few months later, it remains clear which part of the code is
-responsible for ensuring that any assumed invariants which cannot be encoded in
-the type system do hold.
+[partial]: https://pursuit.purescript.org/packages/purescript-partial