Mark AppliedType cachedSuper valid Nowhere when using provisional args (#20527)

It solves some stale caching issues with `AppliedType#superType` encountered in `neg/typeclass-encoding3` and when introducing more caching for match types in #20268.
These were caused by the fact that `appliedTo` may perform eta-reduction leading to different variance annotations depending on the instantiation of type params.

There seems to be no significant performance impact from the reduced opportunities for caching.

Author: EugeneFlesselle

Diff for: compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/core/Types.scala

@@ -4650,7 +4650,13 @@ object Types extends TypeUtils {
         cachedSuper = tycon match
           case tycon: HKTypeLambda => defn.AnyType
           case tycon: TypeRef if tycon.symbol.isClass => tycon
-          case tycon: TypeProxy => tycon.superType.applyIfParameterized(args)
+          case tycon: TypeProxy =>
+            if validSuper != Nowhere && args.exists(_.isProvisional) then
+              // applyIfParameterized may perform eta-reduction leading to different
+              // variance annotations depending on the instantiation of type params
+              // see tests/pos/typeclass-encoding3b.scala:348 for an example
+              validSuper = Nowhere
+            tycon.superType.applyIfParameterized(args)
           case _ => defn.AnyType
       cachedSuper
 
@@ -4678,8 +4684,8 @@ object Types extends TypeUtils {
      */
     override def underlyingMatchType(using Context): Type =
       if ctx.period != validUnderlyingMatch then
-        validUnderlyingMatch = if tycon.isProvisional then Nowhere else ctx.period
         cachedUnderlyingMatch = superType.underlyingMatchType
+        validUnderlyingMatch = validSuper
       cachedUnderlyingMatch
 
     override def tryNormalize(using Context): Type = tycon.stripTypeVar match {

Diff for: tests/neg/typeclass-encoding3.scala renamed to tests/pos/typeclass-encoding3b.scala

@@ -345,5 +345,12 @@ object functors {
   }
 
   MonadFlatten.flattened(List(List(1, 2, 3), List(4, 5))) // ok, synthesizes (using ListMonad)
-  MonadFlatten.flattened(List(List(1, 2, 3), List(4, 5)))(using ListMonad) // error
+  MonadFlatten.flattened(List(List(1, 2, 3), List(4, 5)))(using ListMonad) // was an error
+  /*
+  Before the changes, when checking `ListMonad <:< functors.Monad.Impl[T]`
+  we eventually got to the comparison `[X] =>> T[X] <:< [+X] =>> List[X]`
+  because the `This` type member of `ListMonad` has a covariance annotation.
+  This failed the variance conformance checks despite the fact that T had been instantiated to List,
+  since it had been substituted into the refinement (and cached) before its instantiation.
+  */
 }