Prevent downgraded usage of DPoP-bound access tokens

Issue gh-16574

Closes gh-16937

Author: jgrandja

Diff for: oauth2/oauth2-resource-server/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/resource/web/authentication/BearerTokenAuthenticationFilter.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2002-2021 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2002-2025 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.web.authentication;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.FilterChain;
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
@@ -32,7 +33,11 @@
 import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContext;
 import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
 import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolderStrategy;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.core.ClaimAccessor;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.core.OAuth2AuthenticationException;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.BearerTokenError;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.BearerTokenErrors;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.authentication.AbstractOAuth2TokenAuthenticationToken;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.authentication.BearerTokenAuthenticationToken;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.authentication.JwtAuthenticationProvider;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.web.BearerTokenAuthenticationEntryPoint;
@@ -45,6 +50,8 @@
 import org.springframework.security.web.context.RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository;
 import org.springframework.security.web.context.SecurityContextRepository;
 import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;
+import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 import org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter;
 
 /**
@@ -135,6 +142,12 @@ protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
 		try {
 			AuthenticationManager authenticationManager = this.authenticationManagerResolver.resolve(request);
 			Authentication authenticationResult = authenticationManager.authenticate(authenticationRequest);
+			if (isDPoPBoundAccessToken(authenticationResult)) {
+				// Prevent downgraded usage of DPoP-bound access tokens,
+				// by rejecting a DPoP-bound access token received as a bearer token.
+				BearerTokenError error = BearerTokenErrors.invalidToken("Invalid bearer token");
+				throw new OAuth2AuthenticationException(error);
+			}
 			SecurityContext context = this.securityContextHolderStrategy.createEmptyContext();
 			context.setAuthentication(authenticationResult);
 			this.securityContextHolderStrategy.setContext(context);
@@ -217,4 +230,17 @@ public void setAuthenticationDetailsSource(
 		this.authenticationDetailsSource = authenticationDetailsSource;
 	}
 
+	private static boolean isDPoPBoundAccessToken(Authentication authentication) {
+		if (!(authentication instanceof AbstractOAuth2TokenAuthenticationToken<?> accessTokenAuthentication)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		ClaimAccessor accessTokenClaims = accessTokenAuthentication::getTokenAttributes;
+		String jwkThumbprintClaim = null;
+		Map<String, Object> confirmationMethodClaim = accessTokenClaims.getClaimAsMap("cnf");
+		if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(confirmationMethodClaim) && confirmationMethodClaim.containsKey("jkt")) {
+			jwkThumbprintClaim = (String) confirmationMethodClaim.get("jkt");
+		}
+		return StringUtils.hasText(jwkThumbprintClaim);
+	}
+
 }

Diff for: oauth2/oauth2-resource-server/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/resource/web/authentication/BearerTokenAuthenticationFilterTests.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2002-2022 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2002-2025 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.web.authentication;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collections;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
@@ -41,10 +42,14 @@
 import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolderStrategy;
 import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextImpl;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.core.OAuth2AuthenticationException;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.core.OAuth2Error;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.jwt.Jwt;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.jwt.TestJwts;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.BearerTokenError;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.BearerTokenErrorCodes;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.InvalidBearerTokenException;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.authentication.BearerTokenAuthenticationToken;
+import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.authentication.JwtAuthenticationToken;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.web.BearerTokenResolver;
 import org.springframework.security.web.AuthenticationEntryPoint;
 import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AuthenticationFailureHandler;
@@ -239,6 +244,25 @@ public void doFilterWhenCustomSecurityContextHolderStrategyThenUses() throws Ser
 		verify(strategy).setContext(any());
 	}
 
+	@Test
+	public void doFilterWhenDPoPBoundTokenDowngradedThenPropagatesError() throws ServletException, IOException {
+		Jwt jwt = TestJwts.jwt().claim("cnf", Collections.singletonMap("jkt", "jwk-thumbprint")).build();
+		JwtAuthenticationToken authenticationResult = new JwtAuthenticationToken(jwt);
+		given(this.bearerTokenResolver.resolve(this.request)).willReturn("token");
+		given(this.authenticationManager.authenticate(any(BearerTokenAuthenticationToken.class)))
+			.willReturn(authenticationResult);
+		BearerTokenAuthenticationFilter filter = addMocks(
+				new BearerTokenAuthenticationFilter(this.authenticationManager));
+		filter.setAuthenticationFailureHandler(this.authenticationFailureHandler);
+		filter.doFilter(this.request, this.response, this.filterChain);
+		ArgumentCaptor<OAuth2AuthenticationException> exceptionCaptor = ArgumentCaptor
+			.forClass(OAuth2AuthenticationException.class);
+		verify(this.authenticationFailureHandler).onAuthenticationFailure(any(), any(), exceptionCaptor.capture());
+		OAuth2Error error = exceptionCaptor.getValue().getError();
+		assertThat(error.getErrorCode()).isEqualTo(BearerTokenErrorCodes.INVALID_TOKEN);
+		assertThat(error.getDescription()).isEqualTo("Invalid bearer token");
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	public void setAuthenticationEntryPointWhenNullThenThrowsException() {
 		BearerTokenAuthenticationFilter filter = new BearerTokenAuthenticationFilter(this.authenticationManager);