bpf: Add a bpf_snprintf helper

The implementation takes inspiration from the existing bpf_trace_printk
helper but there are a few differences:

To allow for a large number of format-specifiers, parameters are
provided in an array, like in bpf_seq_printf.

Because the output string takes two arguments and the array of
parameters also takes two arguments, the format string needs to fit in
one argument. Thankfully, ARG_PTR_TO_CONST_STR is guaranteed to point to
a zero-terminated read-only map so we don't need a format string length
arg.

Because the format-string is known at verification time, we also do
a first pass of format string validation in the verifier logic. This
makes debugging easier.

Signed-off-by: Florent Revest <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Andrii Nakryiko <[email protected]>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/[email protected]

Author: FlorentRevest

include/linux/bpf.h

@@ -1953,6 +1953,7 @@ extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_skc_to_tcp_request_sock_proto;
 extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_skc_to_udp6_sock_proto;
 extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_copy_from_user_proto;
 extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_snprintf_btf_proto;
+extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_snprintf_proto;
 extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_per_cpu_ptr_proto;
 extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_this_cpu_ptr_proto;
 extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_ktime_get_coarse_ns_proto;

include/uapi/linux/bpf.h

@@ -4708,6 +4708,33 @@ union bpf_attr {
  *	Return
  *		The number of traversed map elements for success, **-EINVAL** for
  *		invalid **flags**.
+ *
+ * long bpf_snprintf(char *str, u32 str_size, const char *fmt, u64 *data, u32 data_len)
+ *	Description
+ *		Outputs a string into the **str** buffer of size **str_size**
+ *		based on a format string stored in a read-only map pointed by
+ *		**fmt**.
+ *
+ *		Each format specifier in **fmt** corresponds to one u64 element
+ *		in the **data** array. For strings and pointers where pointees
+ *		are accessed, only the pointer values are stored in the *data*
+ *		array. The *data_len* is the size of *data* in bytes.
+ *
+ *		Formats **%s** and **%p{i,I}{4,6}** require to read kernel
+ *		memory. Reading kernel memory may fail due to either invalid
+ *		address or valid address but requiring a major memory fault. If
+ *		reading kernel memory fails, the string for **%s** will be an
+ *		empty string, and the ip address for **%p{i,I}{4,6}** will be 0.
+ *		Not returning error to bpf program is consistent with what
+ *		**bpf_trace_printk**\ () does for now.
+ *
+ *	Return
+ *		The strictly positive length of the formatted string, including
+ *		the trailing zero character. If the return value is greater than
+ *		**str_size**, **str** contains a truncated string, guaranteed to
+ *		be zero-terminated except when **str_size** is 0.
+ *
+ *		Or **-EBUSY** if the per-CPU memory copy buffer is busy.
  */
 #define __BPF_FUNC_MAPPER(FN)		\
 	FN(unspec),			\
@@ -4875,6 +4902,7 @@ union bpf_attr {
 	FN(sock_from_file),		\
 	FN(check_mtu),			\
 	FN(for_each_map_elem),		\
+	FN(snprintf),			\
 	/* */
 
 /* integer value in 'imm' field of BPF_CALL instruction selects which helper

kernel/bpf/helpers.c

@@ -925,6 +925,54 @@ int bpf_printf_prepare(char *fmt, u32 fmt_size, const u64 *raw_args,
 	return err;
 }
 
+#define MAX_SNPRINTF_VARARGS		12
+
+BPF_CALL_5(bpf_snprintf, char *, str, u32, str_size, char *, fmt,
+	   const void *, data, u32, data_len)
+{
+	enum bpf_printf_mod_type mod[MAX_SNPRINTF_VARARGS];
+	u64 args[MAX_SNPRINTF_VARARGS];
+	int err, num_args;
+
+	if (data_len % 8 || data_len > MAX_SNPRINTF_VARARGS * 8 ||
+	    (data_len && !data))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	num_args = data_len / 8;
+
+	/* ARG_PTR_TO_CONST_STR guarantees that fmt is zero-terminated so we
+	 * can safely give an unbounded size.
+	 */
+	err = bpf_printf_prepare(fmt, UINT_MAX, data, args, mod, num_args);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+
+	/* Maximumly we can have MAX_SNPRINTF_VARARGS parameters, just give
+	 * all of them to snprintf().
+	 */
+	err = snprintf(str, str_size, fmt, BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(0, args, mod),
+		BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(1, args, mod), BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(2, args, mod),
+		BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(3, args, mod), BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(4, args, mod),
+		BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(5, args, mod), BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(6, args, mod),
+		BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(7, args, mod), BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(8, args, mod),
+		BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(9, args, mod), BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(10, args, mod),
+		BPF_CAST_FMT_ARG(11, args, mod));
+
+	bpf_printf_cleanup();
+
+	return err + 1;
+}
+
+const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_snprintf_proto = {
+	.func		= bpf_snprintf,
+	.gpl_only	= true,
+	.ret_type	= RET_INTEGER,
+	.arg1_type	= ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL,
+	.arg2_type	= ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO,
+	.arg3_type	= ARG_PTR_TO_CONST_STR,
+	.arg4_type	= ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL,
+	.arg5_type	= ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO,
+};
+
 const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_get_current_task_proto __weak;
 const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_probe_read_user_proto __weak;
 const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_probe_read_user_str_proto __weak;
@@ -1013,6 +1061,8 @@ bpf_base_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
 		return &bpf_probe_read_kernel_str_proto;
 	case BPF_FUNC_snprintf_btf:
 		return &bpf_snprintf_btf_proto;
+	case BPF_FUNC_snprintf:
+		return &bpf_snprintf_proto;
 	default:
 		return NULL;
 	}

kernel/bpf/verifier.c

@@ -5918,6 +5918,41 @@ static int check_reference_leak(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	return state->acquired_refs ? -EINVAL : 0;
 }
 
+static int check_bpf_snprintf_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+				   struct bpf_reg_state *regs)
+{
+	struct bpf_reg_state *fmt_reg = &regs[BPF_REG_3];
+	struct bpf_reg_state *data_len_reg = &regs[BPF_REG_5];
+	struct bpf_map *fmt_map = fmt_reg->map_ptr;
+	int err, fmt_map_off, num_args;
+	u64 fmt_addr;
+	char *fmt;
+
+	/* data must be an array of u64 */
+	if (data_len_reg->var_off.value % 8)
+		return -EINVAL;
+	num_args = data_len_reg->var_off.value / 8;
+
+	/* fmt being ARG_PTR_TO_CONST_STR guarantees that var_off is const
+	 * and map_direct_value_addr is set.
+	 */
+	fmt_map_off = fmt_reg->off + fmt_reg->var_off.value;
+	err = fmt_map->ops->map_direct_value_addr(fmt_map, &fmt_addr,
+						  fmt_map_off);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+	fmt = (char *)(long)fmt_addr + fmt_map_off;
+
+	/* We are also guaranteed that fmt+fmt_map_off is NULL terminated, we
+	 * can focus on validating the format specifiers.
+	 */
+	err = bpf_printf_prepare(fmt, UINT_MAX, NULL, NULL, NULL, num_args);
+	if (err < 0)
+		verbose(env, "Invalid format string\n");
+
+	return err;
+}
+
 static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
 			     int *insn_idx_p)
 {
@@ -6032,6 +6067,12 @@ static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn
 			return -EINVAL;
 	}
 
+	if (func_id == BPF_FUNC_snprintf) {
+		err = check_bpf_snprintf_call(env, regs);
+		if (err < 0)
+			return err;
+	}
+
 	/* reset caller saved regs */
 	for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
 		mark_reg_not_init(env, regs, caller_saved[i]);

kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c

@@ -1076,6 +1076,8 @@ bpf_tracing_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id, const struct bpf_prog *prog)
 		return &bpf_task_storage_delete_proto;
 	case BPF_FUNC_for_each_map_elem:
 		return &bpf_for_each_map_elem_proto;
+	case BPF_FUNC_snprintf:
+		return &bpf_snprintf_proto;
 	default:
 		return NULL;
 	}

tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h

@@ -4708,6 +4708,33 @@ union bpf_attr {
  *	Return
  *		The number of traversed map elements for success, **-EINVAL** for
  *		invalid **flags**.
+ *
+ * long bpf_snprintf(char *str, u32 str_size, const char *fmt, u64 *data, u32 data_len)
+ *	Description
+ *		Outputs a string into the **str** buffer of size **str_size**
+ *		based on a format string stored in a read-only map pointed by
+ *		**fmt**.
+ *
+ *		Each format specifier in **fmt** corresponds to one u64 element
+ *		in the **data** array. For strings and pointers where pointees
+ *		are accessed, only the pointer values are stored in the *data*
+ *		array. The *data_len* is the size of *data* in bytes.
+ *
+ *		Formats **%s** and **%p{i,I}{4,6}** require to read kernel
+ *		memory. Reading kernel memory may fail due to either invalid
+ *		address or valid address but requiring a major memory fault. If
+ *		reading kernel memory fails, the string for **%s** will be an
+ *		empty string, and the ip address for **%p{i,I}{4,6}** will be 0.
+ *		Not returning error to bpf program is consistent with what
+ *		**bpf_trace_printk**\ () does for now.
+ *
+ *	Return
+ *		The strictly positive length of the formatted string, including
+ *		the trailing zero character. If the return value is greater than
+ *		**str_size**, **str** contains a truncated string, guaranteed to
+ *		be zero-terminated except when **str_size** is 0.
+ *
+ *		Or **-EBUSY** if the per-CPU memory copy buffer is busy.
  */
 #define __BPF_FUNC_MAPPER(FN)		\
 	FN(unspec),			\
@@ -4875,6 +4902,7 @@ union bpf_attr {
 	FN(sock_from_file),		\
 	FN(check_mtu),			\
 	FN(for_each_map_elem),		\
+	FN(snprintf),			\
 	/* */
 
 /* integer value in 'imm' field of BPF_CALL instruction selects which helper