Speed up date_histogram by precomputing ranges (#61467)

[nik9000]

A few of us were talking about ways to speed up the date_histogram
using the index for the timestamp rather than the doc values. To do that
we'd have to pre-compute all of the "round down" points in the index. It
turns out that just precomputing those values speeds up rounding
fairly significantly:

Benchmark  (count)      (interval)                   (range)            (zone)  Mode  Cnt          Score         Error  Units
before    10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31               UTC  avgt   10   96461080.982 ±  616373.011  ns/op
before    10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31  America/New_York  avgt   10  130598950.850 ± 1249189.867  ns/op
after     10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31               UTC  avgt   10   52311775.080 ±  107171.092  ns/op
after     10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31  America/New_York  avgt   10   54800134.968 ±  373844.796  ns/op

That's a 46% speed up when there isn't a time zone and a 58% speed up
when there is.

This doesn't work for every time zone, specifically those that have two
midnights in a single day due to daylight savings time will produce wonky
results. So they don't get the optimization.

Second, this requires a few expensive computation up front to make the
transition array. And if the transition array is too large then we give
up and use the original mechanism, throwing away all of the work we did
to build the array. This seems appropriate for most usages of round,
but this change uses it for all usages of round. That seems ok for
now, but it might be worth investigating in a follow up.

I ran a macrobenchmark as well which showed an 11% preformance
improvement. BUT the benchmark wasn't tuned for my desktop so it
overwhelmed it and might have produced "funny" results. I think it is
pretty clear that this is an improvement, but know the measurement is
weird:

Benchmark  (count)      (interval)                   (range)            (zone)  Mode  Cnt          Score         Error  Units
before    10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31               UTC  avgt   10   96461080.982 ±  616373.011  ns/op
before    10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31  America/New_York  avgt   10  g± 1249189.867  ns/op
after     10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31               UTC  avgt   10   52311775.080 ±  107171.092  ns/op
after     10000000  calendar month  2000-10-28 to 2000-10-31  America/New_York  avgt   10   54800134.968 ±  373844.796  ns/op

Before:
|               Min Throughput | hourly_agg |        0.11 |  ops/s |
|            Median Throughput | hourly_agg |        0.11 |  ops/s |
|               Max Throughput | hourly_agg |        0.11 |  ops/s |
|      50th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      650623 |     ms |
|      90th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      821478 |     ms |
|      99th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      859780 |     ms |
|     100th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      864030 |     ms |
| 50th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     9268.71 |     ms |
| 90th percentile service time | hourly_agg |        9380 |     ms |
| 99th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     9626.88 |     ms |
|100th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     9884.27 |     ms |
|                   error rate | hourly_agg |           0 |      % |

After:
|               Min Throughput | hourly_agg |        0.12 |  ops/s |
|            Median Throughput | hourly_agg |        0.12 |  ops/s |
|               Max Throughput | hourly_agg |        0.12 |  ops/s |
|      50th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      519254 |     ms |
|      90th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      653099 |     ms |
|      99th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      683276 |     ms |
|     100th percentile latency | hourly_agg |      686611 |     ms |
| 50th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     8371.41 |     ms |
| 90th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     8407.02 |     ms |
| 99th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     8536.64 |     ms |
|100th percentile service time | hourly_agg |     8538.54 |     ms |
|                   error rate | hourly_agg |           0 |      % |