[SWT-0006] Return the thrown error from #expect(throws:) and #require(throws:).

Documentation/Proposals/0006-return-errors-from-expect-throws.md

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+# Return errors from `#expect(throws:)`
+
+* Proposal: [SWT-0006](0006-filename.md)
+* Authors: [Jonathan Grynspan](https://github.com/grynspan)
+* Status: **Awaiting review**
+* Bug: rdar://138235250
+* Implementation: [swiftlang/swift-testing#780](https://github.com/swiftlang/swift-testing/pull/780)
+* Review: ([pitch](https://forums.swift.org/t/pitch-returning-errors-from-expect-throws/75567))
+
+## Introduction
+
+Swift Testing includes overloads of `#expect()` and `#require()` that can be
+used to assert that some code throws an error. They are useful when validating
+that your code's failure cases are correctly detected and handled. However, for
+more complex validation cases, they aren't particularly ergonomic. This proposal
+seeks to resolve that issue by having these overloads return thrown errors for
+further inspection.
+
+## Motivation
+
+We offer three variants of `#expect(throws:)`:
+
+- One that takes an error type, and matches any error of the same type;
+- One that takes an error _instance_ (conforming to `Equatable`) and matches any
+  error that compares equal to it; and
+- One that takes a trailing closure and allows test authors to write arbitrary
+  validation logic.
+
+The third overload has proven to be somewhat problematic. First, it yields the
+error to its closure as an instance of `any Error`, which typically forces the
+developer to cast it before doing any useful comparisons. Second, the test
+author must return `true` to indicate the error matched and `false` to indicate
+it didn't, which can be both logically confusing and difficult to express
+concisely:
+
+```swift
+try #require {
+  let potato = try Sack.randomPotato()
+  try potato.turnIntoFrenchFries()
+} throws: { error in
+  guard let error = error as PotatoError else {
+    return false
+  }
+  guard case .potatoNotPeeled = error else {
+    return false
+  }
+  return error.variety != .russet
+}
+```
+
+The first impulse many test authors have here is to use `#expect()` in the
+second closure, but it doesn't return the necessary boolean value _and_ it can
+result in multiple issues being recorded in a test when there's really only one.
+
+## Proposed solution
+
+I propose deprecating [`#expect(_:sourceLocation:performing:throws:)`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/testing/expect(_:sourcelocation:performing:throws:))
+and [`#require(_:sourceLocation:performing:throws:)`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/testing/require(_:sourcelocation:performing:throws:))
+and modifying the other overloads so that, on success, they return the errors
+that were thrown.
+
+## Detailed design
+
+All overloads of `#expect(throws:)` and `#require(throws:)` will be updated to
+return an instance of the error type specified by their arguments, with the
+problematic overloads returning `any Error` since more precise type information
+is not statically available. The problematic overloads will also be deprecated:
+
+```diff
+--- a/Sources/Testing/Expectations/Expectation+Macro.swift
++++ b/Sources/Testing/Expectations/Expectation+Macro.swift
++@discardableResult
+ @freestanding(expression) public macro expect<E, R>(
+   throws errorType: E.Type,
+   _ comment: @autoclosure () -> Comment? = nil,
+   sourceLocation: SourceLocation = #_sourceLocation,
+   performing expression: () async throws -> R
+-)
++) -> E? where E: Error
+
++@discardableResult
+ @freestanding(expression) public macro require<E, R>(
+   throws errorType: E.Type,
+   _ comment: @autoclosure () -> Comment? = nil,
+   sourceLocation: SourceLocation = #_sourceLocation,
+   performing expression: () async throws -> R
+-) where E: Error
++) -> E where E: Error
+
++@discardableResult
+ @freestanding(expression) public macro expect<E, R>(
+   throws error: E,
+   _ comment: @autoclosure () -> Comment? = nil,
+   sourceLocation: SourceLocation = #_sourceLocation,
+   performing expression: () async throws -> R
+-) where E: Error & Equatable
++) -> E? where E: Error & Equatable
+
++@discardableResult
+ @freestanding(expression) public macro require<E, R>(
+   throws error: E,
+   _ comment: @autoclosure () -> Comment? = nil,
+   sourceLocation: SourceLocation = #_sourceLocation,
+   performing expression: () async throws -> R
+-) where E: Error & Equatable
++) -> E where E: Error & Equatable
+
++@available(*, deprecated, message: "Examine the result of '#expect(throws:)' instead.")
++@discardableResult
+ @freestanding(expression) public macro expect<R>(
+   _ comment: @autoclosure () -> Comment? = nil,
+   sourceLocation: SourceLocation = #_sourceLocation,
+   performing expression: () async throws -> R,
+   throws errorMatcher: (any Error) async throws -> Bool
+-)
++) -> (any Error)?
+
++@available(*, deprecated, message: "Examine the result of '#require(throws:)' instead.")
++@discardableResult
+ @freestanding(expression) public macro require<R>(
+   _ comment: @autoclosure () -> Comment? = nil,
+   sourceLocation: SourceLocation = #_sourceLocation,
+   performing expression: () async throws -> R,
+   throws errorMatcher: (any Error) async throws -> Bool
+-)
++) -> any Error
+```
+
+(More detailed information about the deprecations will be provided via DocC.)
+
+The `#expect(throws:)` overloads return an optional value that is `nil` if the
+expectation failed, while the `#require(throws:)` overloads return non-optional
+values and throw instances of `ExpectationFailedError` on failure (as before.)
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> Instances of `ExpectationFailedError` thrown by `#require(throws:)` on failure
+> are not returned as that would defeat the purpose of using `#require(throws:)`
+> instead of `#expect(throws:)`.
+
+Test authors will be able to use the result of the above functions to verify
+that the thrown error is correct:
+
+```swift
+let error = try #require(throws: PotatoError.self) {
+  let potato = try Sack.randomPotato()
+  try potato.turnIntoFrenchFries()
+}
+#expect(error == .potatoNotPeeled)
+#expect(error.variety != .russet)
+```
+
+The new code is more concise than the old code and avoids boilerplate casting
+from `any Error`.
+
+## Source compatibility
+
+In most cases, this change does not affect source compatibility. Swift does not
+allow forming references to macros at runtime, so we don't need to worry about
+type mismatches assigning one to some local variable.
+
+We have identified two scenarios where a new warning will be emitted.
+
+### Inferred return type from macro invocation
+
+The return type of the macro may be used by the compiler to infer the return
+type of an enclosing closure. If the return value is then discarded, the
+compiler may emit a warning:
+
+```swift
+func pokePotato(_ pPotato: UnsafePointer<Potato>) throws { ... }
+
+let potato = Potato()
+try await Task.sleep(for: .months(3))
+withUnsafePointer(to: potato) { pPotato in
+  // ^ ^ ^ ⚠️ Result of call to 'withUnsafePointer(to:_:)' is unused
+  #expect(throws: PotatoError.rotten) {
+    try pokePotato(pPotato)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+This warning can be suppressed by assigning the result of the macro invocation
+or the result of the function call to `_`:
+
+```swift
+withUnsafePointer(to: potato) { pPotato in
+  _ = #expect(throws: PotatoError.rotten) {
+    try pokePotato(pPotato)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Use of `#require(throws:)` in a generic context with `Never.self`
+
+If `#require(throws:)` (but not `#expect(throws:)`) is used in a generic context
+where the type of thrown error is a generic parameter, and the type is resolved
+to `Never`, there is no valid value for the invocation to return:
+
+```swift
+func wrapper<E>(throws type: E.Type, _ body: () throws -> Void) throws -> E {
+  return try #require(throws: type) {
+    try body()
+  }
+}
+let error = try #require(throws: Never.self) { ... }
+```
+
+We don't think this particular pattern is common (and outside of our own test
+target, I'd be surprised if anybody's attempted it yet.) However, we do need to
+handle it gracefully. If this pattern is encountered, Swift Testing will record
+an "API Misused" issue for the current test and advise the test author to switch
+to `#expect(throws:)` or to not pass `Never.self` here.
+
+## Integration with supporting tools
+
+N/A
+
+## Future directions
+
+- Adopting [typed throws](https://github.com/swiftlang/swift-evolution/blob/main/proposals/0413-typed-throws.md)
+  to statically require that the error thrown from test code is of the correct
+  type.
+
+  If we adopted typed throws in the signatures of these macros, it would force
+  adoption of typed throws in the code under test even when it may not be
+  appropriate. For example, if we adopted typed throws, the following code would
+  not compile:
+
+  ```swift
+  func cook(_ food: consuming some Food) throws { ... }
+
+  let error: PotatoError? = #expect(throws: PotatoError.self) {
+    var potato = Potato()
+    potato.fossilize()
+    try cook(potato) // 🛑 ERROR: Invalid conversion of thrown error type
+                     // 'any Error' to 'PotatoError'
+  }
+  ```
+
+  We believe it may be possible to overload these macros or their expansions so
+  that the code sample above _does_ compile and behave as intended. We intend to
+  experiment further with this idea and potentially revisit typed throws support
+  in a future proposal.
+
+## Alternatives considered
+
+- Leaving the existing implementation and signatures in place. We've had
+  sufficient feedback about the ergonomics of this API that we want to address
+  the problem.
+
+- Having the return type of the macros be `any Error` and returning _any_ error
+  that was thrown even on mismatch. This would make the ergonomics of the
+  subsequent test code less optimal because the test author would need to cast
+  the error to the appropriate type before inspecting it.
+
+  There's a philosophical argument to be made here that if a mismatched error is
+  thrown, then the test has already failed and is in an inconsistent state, so
+  we should allow the test to fail rather than return what amounts to "bad
+  output".
+
+  If the test author wants to inspect any arbitrary thrown error, they can
+  specify `(any Error).self` instead of a concrete error type.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+Thanks to the team and to [@jakepetroules](https://github.com/jakepetroules) for
+starting the discussion that ultimately led to this proposal.