feat: add boyer moore algorithm implementation

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -59,6 +59,33 @@
     "stdexcept": "cpp",
     "streambuf": "cpp",
     "typeinfo": "cpp",
-    "valarray": "cpp"
+    "valarray": "cpp",
+    "bit": "cpp",
+    "charconv": "cpp",
+    "compare": "cpp",
+    "concepts": "cpp",
+    "format": "cpp",
+    "forward_list": "cpp",
+    "ios": "cpp",
+    "locale": "cpp",
+    "queue": "cpp",
+    "stack": "cpp",
+    "xfacet": "cpp",
+    "xhash": "cpp",
+    "xiosbase": "cpp",
+    "xlocale": "cpp",
+    "xlocbuf": "cpp",
+    "xlocinfo": "cpp",
+    "xlocmes": "cpp",
+    "xlocmon": "cpp",
+    "xlocnum": "cpp",
+    "xloctime": "cpp",
+    "xmemory": "cpp",
+    "xstddef": "cpp",
+    "xstring": "cpp",
+    "xtr1common": "cpp",
+    "xtree": "cpp",
+    "xutility": "cpp",
+    "climits": "cpp"
   }
 }

strings/boyer_moore.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @brief
+ * The Boyer–Moore algorithm searches for occurrences of pattern P in text T by
+ * performing explicit character comparisons at different alignments. Instead of
+ * a brute-force search of all alignments (of which there are n - m + 1),
+ * Boyer–Moore uses information gained by preprocessing P to skip as many
+ * alignments as possible.
+ *
+ * @details
+ * The key insight in this algorithm is that if the end of the pattern is
+ * compared to the text, then jumps along the text can be made rather than
+ * checking every character of the text. The reason that this works is that in
+ * lining up the pattern against the text, the last character of the pattern is
+ * compared to the character in the text.
+ *
+ * If the characters do not match, there is no need to continue searching
+ * backwards along the text. This leaves us with two cases.
+ *
+ * Case 1:
+ * If the character in the text does not match any of the characters in the
+ * pattern, then the next character in the text to check is located m characters
+ * farther along the text, where m is the length of the pattern.
+ *
+ * Case 2:
+ * If the character in the text is in the pattern, then a partial shift of the
+ * pattern along the text is done to line up along the matching character and
+ * the process is repeated.
+ *
+ * There are two shift rules:
+ *
+ * [The bad character rule]
+ * (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore_string-search_algorithm#The_bad_character_rule)
+ *
+ * [The good suffix rule]
+ * (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore_string-search_algorithm#The_good_suffix_rule)
+ *
+ * The shift rules are implemented as constant-time table lookups, using tables
+ * generated during the preprocessing of P.
+ * @author [Stoycho Kyosev](https://github.com/stoychoX)
+ */
+
+#include <cassert>   /// for assert
+#include <climits>   /// for CHAR_MAX macro
+#include <cstring>   /// for strlen
+#include <iostream>  /// for IO operations
+#include <string>    /// for std::string
+#include <vector>    /// for std::vector
+
+#define APLHABET_SIZE CHAR_MAX  ///< number of symbols in the alphabet we use
+
+/**
+ * @namespace
+ * @brief String algorithms
+ */
+namespace strings {
+/**
+ * @namespace
+ * @brief Functions for the [Boyer
+ * Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore_string-search_algorithm)
+ * algorithm implementation
+ */
+namespace boyer_moore {
+/**
+ * @brief A structure representing all the data we need to search the
+ * preprocessed pattern in text.
+ */
+struct pattern {
+    std::string pat;
+
+    std::vector<size_t>
+        bad_char;  ///< bad char table used in [Bad Character
+                   ///< Heuristic](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/boyer-moore-algorithm-for-pattern-searching/)
+
+    std::vector<size_t>
+        good_suffix;  ///< good suffix table used for [Good Suffix
+                      ///< heuristic](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/boyer-moore-algorithm-good-suffix-heuristic/?ref=rp)
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief A function that preprocess the good suffix thable
+ *
+ * @param str The string being preprocessed
+ * @param arg The good suffix table
+ * @return void
+ */
+void init_good_suffix(const std::string& str, std::vector<size_t>& arg) {
+    arg.resize(str.size() + 1, 0);
+
+    // border_pos[i] - the index of the longest proper suffix of str[i..] which
+    // is also a proper prefix.
+    std::vector<size_t> border_pos(str.size() + 1, 0);
+
+    size_t current_char = str.length();
+
+    size_t border_index = str.length() + 1;
+
+    border_pos[current_char] = border_index;
+
+    while (current_char > 0) {
+        while (border_index <= str.length() &&
+               str[current_char - 1] != str[border_index - 1]) {
+            if (arg[border_index] == 0) {
+                arg[border_index] = border_index - current_char;
+            }
+
+            border_index = border_pos[border_index];
+        }
+
+        current_char--;
+        border_index--;
+        border_pos[current_char] = border_index;
+    }
+
+    size_t largest_border_index = border_pos[0];
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
+        if (arg[i] == 0) {
+            arg[i] = largest_border_index;
+        }
+
+        // If we go pass the largest border we find the next one as we iterate
+        if (i == largest_border_index) {
+            largest_border_index = border_pos[largest_border_index];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief A function that preprocess the bad char table
+ *
+ * @param str The string being preprocessed
+ * @param arg The bad char table
+ * @return void
+ */
+void init_bad_char(const std::string& str, std::vector<size_t>& arg) {
+    arg.resize(APLHABET_SIZE, str.length());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
+        arg[str[i]] = str.length() - i - 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief A function that initializes pattern
+ *
+ * @param str Text used for initialization
+ * @param arg Initialized structure
+ * @return void
+ */
+void init_pattern(const std::string& str, pattern& arg) {
+    arg.pat = str;
+    init_bad_char(str, arg.bad_char);
+    init_good_suffix(str, arg.good_suffix);
+}
+/**
+ * @brief A function that implements Boyer-Moore's algorithm.
+ *
+ * @param str Text we are seatching in.
+ * @param arg pattern structure containing the preprocessed pattern
+ * @return (vector of) indexes of the occurrences of pattern in text
+ */
+std::vector<size_t> search(const std::string& str, const pattern& arg) {
+    size_t index_position = arg.pat.size() - 1;
+    std::vector<size_t> index_storage;
+
+    while (index_position < str.length()) {
+        size_t index_string = index_position;
+        int index_pattern = static_cast<int>(arg.pat.size()) - 1;
+
+        while (index_pattern >= 0 &&
+               str[index_string] == arg.pat[index_pattern]) {
+            --index_pattern;
+            --index_string;
+        }
+
+        if (index_pattern < 0) {
+            index_storage.push_back(index_position - arg.pat.length() + 1);
+            index_position += arg.good_suffix[0];
+        } else {
+            index_position += std::max(arg.bad_char[str[index_string]],
+                                       arg.good_suffix[index_pattern + 1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return index_storage;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Check if pat is prefix of str.
+ *
+ * @param str pointer to some part of the input text.
+ * @param pat the searched pattern.
+ * @param len length of the searched pattern
+ * @return true if pat is prefix of str. false otherwise.
+ */
+bool is_prefix(const char* str, const char* pat, size_t len) {
+    if (strlen(str) < len) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if (str[i] != pat[i]) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+}  // namespace boyer_moore
+}  // namespace strings
+/**
+ * @brief A test case in which we search for every appearance of the word 'and'
+ * @param text The text in which we search for appearance of the word 'and'
+ */
+void and_test(const char* text) {
+    strings::boyer_moore::pattern ands;
+    strings::boyer_moore::init_pattern("and", ands);
+    std::vector<size_t> indexes = strings::boyer_moore::search(text, ands);
+
+    assert(indexes.size() == 2);
+    assert(strings::boyer_moore::is_prefix(text + indexes[0], "and", 3));
+    assert(strings::boyer_moore::is_prefix(text + indexes[1], "and", 3));
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief  A test case in which we search for every appearance of the word 'pat'
+ * @param text The text in which we search for appearance of the word 'pat'
+ */
+void pat_test(const char* text) {
+    strings::boyer_moore::pattern pat;
+    strings::boyer_moore::init_pattern("pat", pat);
+    std::vector<size_t> indexes = strings::boyer_moore::search(text, pat);
+
+    assert(indexes.size() == 6);
+
+    for (const auto& idx : indexes) {
+        assert(strings::boyer_moore::is_prefix(text + idx, "pat", 3));
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * @brief Self-test implementations
+ * @return void
+ */
+static void tests() {
+    const char* text =
+        "When pat Mr. and Mrs. pat Dursley woke up on the dull, gray  \
+                            Tuesday our story starts, \
+                there was nothing about pat the cloudy sky outside to pat suggest that\
+                        strange and \
+                    mysterious things would pat soon be happening all pat over the \
+                        country.";
+
+    and_test(text);
+    pat_test(text);
+
+    std::cout << "All tests have successfully passed!\n";
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Main function
+ * @return 0 on exit
+ */
+int main() {
+    tests();  // run self-test implementations
+    return 0;
+}